“…Therefore, the mechanical and nonmechanical defects that arise in muscular dystrophy may occur in part from the loss of these proteins. Dystrophin and the syntrophins, the cytoplasmic components of the DGC, can directly interact (Adams et al, 1993;Ahn and Kunkel, 1995;Ahn et al, 1994;Castello et al, 1996;Peters et al, 1997;Suzuki et al, 1994Suzuki et al, , 1995Yang et al, 1995). Syntrophin interacts with a number of other elements including nitric oxide synthase (Hashida-Okumura et al, 1999;Venema et al, 1997), voltage gated sodium channels (Gee et al, 1998;Schultz et al, 1998), stress activated protein kinase-3 (Hasegawa et al, 1999), caveolin via NOS (Venema et al, 1997), calmodulin , and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (Venema et al, 1997).…”