Characterization of the depth distribution of Ca, Fe and Zn in skin samples, using synchrotron micro-x-ray fluorescence (SμXRF) to help quantify in-vivo measurements of elements in the skin

Desouza, E.; Atiya, Ibrahim Abu; Al-Ebraheem, Alia; Wainman, Bruce; Fleming, David E.B.; McNeill, Fiona E.; Farquharson, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.02.019

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…However, Cavil et al demonstrated in a study involving the injection of 59 Fe-ferric citrate into human subepidermal tissue that only approximately 10% of the iron incorporated in epidermal cells was lost by desquamation, suggesting that most of the iron in epidermal keratinocytes is not lost from the skin by desquamation [2]. In addition, previous studies using a variety of procedures, such as proton induced X-ray emission [3], a histochemical technique [4], and synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence [5], have shown that the iron content in the human epidermis is highest in the basal layer and decreases toward the stratum corneum. These observations imply the existence of an epidermal iron salvage system whereby iron is retained in the body by excretion from differentiated keratinocytes before the keratinocytes are shed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidermal iron metabolism for iron salvage

Asano

Yamasaki

Yamauchi

et al. 2017

Journal of Dermatological Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidermal iron metabolism for iron salvage

Asano

Yamasaki

Yamauchi

et al. 2017

Journal of Dermatological Science

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“…The use of in vitro models is also supported by the fact that SC, the principle site of enhancer action, presents similar behavior in vivo and in vitro 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Every formulation (formulations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] were prepared mixing evenly 500 mg of albumin (as active ingredient) with 2 or 4 mL of each solvent of table 1 and 2 (as enhancers), to make a lotion, using mechanical overhead mixer (Heidolph, RZR 2020, Germany) at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes.…”

Section: Preparation Of Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2014

IJPSR

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ABSTRACT:Objectives: Transdermal drug delivery suggests several advantages and has been vastly investigated over last decades. Chemical enhancers improve the quantity of drug penetration through the skin. In this study, hydrophilic solvents have been used as enhancers to promote dermal penetration of albumin. Methods: 20 different formulations containing albumin and hydrophilic solvents were prepared. Transdermal absorption experiments for each formulation were performed using a diffusion cell and a slice of chicken skin as model at 32°C for 3 hours. Samples from the medium were withdrawn and analyzed for albumin concentration. Cumulative amounts of albumin were plotted for each formulation. Results: After 3 hours, 6.8, 5.8, 69.0, 7.9, 11.1, 25.2, 32.0, 98.0, 21.3 and 74.3 mg of albumin were passed through the skin, using formulations containing deionized water (DW), acetic acid, ethyl acetate (EA), methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), glycerol, ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG), respectively. Conclusion: PG, EA and glycerol could act as enhancers for transdermal delivery of albumin. Such delivery was increased using 4 mL of them instead of 2 mL and using exposure time of 3 hours instead of 1.5 hours. The most effective enhancer was found glycerol, showing a maximum albumin permeation of 98.0 mg. Therefore, the study suggested using glycerol as enhancer for transdermal delivery of albumin or other similar proteins in cosmeceutical products.

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“…Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been applied topically to heal wounds and for treatment of other skin 7,11,12 disorders . The zinc distribution in the skin showed a peak in the epidermal layer decreasing toward the SC, 13 with an exception in the SC which was free of zinc .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Enhancers in Topical Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products

Shokri¹,

Goodarzi²,

Javar³

et al. 2014

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

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Objectives:Scientists have widely investigated the use of chemical enhancers to improve drug transport through the skin. In this study, ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has been used as dermal absorption enhancers for Ibuprofen (IP). Methods:Seven different formulations containing IP, ZnO, or ZnO-NPs were prepared. Dermal absorption experiments were performed at 32°C using a diffusion cell containing phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) and a slice of chicken skin. Cumulative amounts of skin permeated IP, ZnO or ZnO-NPs were plotted over time.Results: After 60 minutes, 90, 8 and 81 mg ZnO, ZnO-NPs and IP were passed through the skin, respectively. This amount for IP was 105, 114, 131 and 183 mg in presence of 100 mg ZnO, 100 mg ZnONPs, 200 mg ZnO-NPs, and 500 mg ZnO-NPs, respectively. Maximum amount of not-permeated IP was seen for formulation 1 (IP without enhancer) and minimum notpermeated IP was seen for formulation 5 (IP with 500 mg ZnO-NPs as enhancer). Conclusion:ZnO and more strongly ZnO-NPs could act as enhancers for transdermal delivery of IP. Such effect was improved by increase in concentration of ZnO-NPs. Therefore, ZnO-NPs can be used as enhancer in dermal drug delivery formulations.

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Characterization of the depth distribution of Ca, Fe and Zn in skin samples, using synchrotron micro-x-ray fluorescence (SμXRF) to help quantify in-vivo measurements of elements in the skin

Cited by 27 publications

References 48 publications

Epidermal iron metabolism for iron salvage

Epidermal iron metabolism for iron salvage

Untitled

Zinc Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Enhancers in Topical Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products

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