Characterization of the Components and Pharmacological Effects of Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng and Garden Ginseng Based on the Integrative Pharmacology Strategy

Li, Sen; Wang, Ping; Yang, Wenzhi; Zhao, Chunhui; Zhang, Luoqi; Zhang, Jingbo; Qin, Yuewen; Xu, Haiyu; Huang, Luqi

doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.659954

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This finding demonstrated the improved efficiency of age differentiation and increased the possibility of identifying key metabolites. In addition to these findings, several studies have indicated that metabolomics can distinguish the metabolic differences of ginseng berries at different ages or maturation stages (Li, Wang, Yang, et al, 2021;Park et al, 2019). The metabolites of ginseng berry continued to change until the fifth ripening stage, and the 3-year-old berries had a higher content of valine, glutamic acid, and tryptophan but a lower content of lactic acid and galactose than 4-year-old berries at the fully ripened stage; additionally, the metabolic pathways affected by different ages involved amino acid metabolism pathways.…”

Section: Age Discriminationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Research progress on metabolomics in the quality evaluation and clinical study ofPanax ginseng

Xia

Sun

Wen

et al. 2022

Biomedical Chromatography

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Panax ginseng, an essential component of traditional medicine and often referred to as the king of herbs, has played a pivotal role in medicine globally for several millennia. Previously, traditional phytochemical methods were mainly used for quality evaluation and pharmacological mechanism studies of ginseng, resulting in the lack of systematicness and innovation and hindering the development and utilization of ginseng resources. Since the beginning of the new century, systems biology technology represented by metabolomics has shown unique advantages in the modernization and internationalization of herbal medicine, establishing a bridge for communication between traditional medicine and modern medicine. P. ginseng, a special herb used in medicine and food, is one of the main research objects for qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolomics and has gradually become the focus of researchers globally. Here, we conducted a comprehensive summary and analysis of numerous studies published in ginseng metabolomics. This review aims to provide more novel ideas for the quality evaluation, development, and clinical application of ginseng in the future and offer more useful technical references for the modernization and internationalization of herbal medicine based on metabolomics.

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Section: Age Discriminationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Research progress on metabolomics in the quality evaluation and clinical study ofPanax ginseng

Xia

Sun

Wen

et al. 2022

Biomedical Chromatography

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“…Modern pharmacological studies have also proven that ginseng has various pharmacological effects, such as immunity-enhancing [ 3 ], anti-aging [ 4 ], anti-fatigue [ 5 ] and anti-tumor effects [ 6 ]. In China, due to excessive foraging and the lack of wild ginseng resources, in order to meet the market demand, people began to study the artificial cultivation of ginseng, commonly known as garden ginseng [ 7 , 8 ]. There are two main ways to cultivate garden ginseng: one way is to cultivate ginseng on land after deforestation, which we call “cutting forest ginseng”, and the other is to cultivate ginseng on farmland, which we call “farmland ginseng”.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Taproot Enlargement in Panax ginseng

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Ginseng is regarded as the “king of herbs” in China, with its roots and rhizomes used as medicine, and it has a high medicinal value. In order to meet the market demand, the artificial cultivation of ginseng emerged, but different growth environments significantly affect the root morphology of garden ginseng. In this study, we used ginseng cultivated in deforested land (CF-CG) and ginseng cultivated in farmland (F-CG) as experimental materials. These two phenotypes were explored at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels so as to understand the regulatory mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng. The results show that, compared with those of F-CG, the thickness of the main roots in CF-CG was increased by 70.5%, and the fresh weight of the taproots was increased by 305.4%. Sucrose, fructose and ginsenoside were significantly accumulated in CF-CG. During the enlargement of the taproots of CF-CG, genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly up-regulated, while genes related to lignin biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. Auxin, gibberellin and abscisic acid synergistically regulated the enlargement of the taproots of the garden ginseng. In addition, as a sugar signaling molecule, T6P might act on the auxin synthesis gene ALDH2 to promote the synthesis of auxin and, thus, participate in the growth and development of garden ginseng roots. In summary, our study is conducive to clarifying the molecular regulation mechanism of taproot enlargement in garden ginseng, and it provides new insights for the further exploration of the morphogenesis of ginseng roots.

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“…Mey) has been used for the treatment of various ailments for the past 2000 years and is considered the “king of herbs” ( Chopra et al, 2021 ). Based on the growth environment and cultivation methods, ginseng has been divided into three types: mountain wild ginseng, mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG), and garden ginseng (GG) ( Xu et al, 2016 ; Kim et al, 2018 ; Li et al, 2021 ). MCG is grown in natural environments, especially in high-altitude mountains, before being used as a medicine ( Tu et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the pharmacological effect and mechanism of mountain-cultivated ginseng and garden ginseng in cardiovascular diseases based on network pharmacology and zebrafish experiments

et al. 2022

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is a kind of perennial herb of the Panax genus in the Araliaceae family. The secondary metabolites of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and garden ginseng (GG) vary greatly due to their different growth environments. To date, the differences in their pharmacological effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their clinical applications remain unclear. To distinguish between the components of MCG and GG, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed. Next, the relationship between the expression of metabolites and the categories of the sample were analyzed using supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. A network-based pharmacology approach was developed and applied to determine the underlying mechanism of different metabolites in CVD. In the present study, the role of MCG and GG in angiogenesis and their protective effects on damaged blood vessels in a vascular injury model of zebrafish were investigated. Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, 11 different metabolites between MCG and GG were identified. In addition, 149 common target genes associated with the metabolites and CVD were obtained; these targets were related to tumor protein P53, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, human ubiquitin-52 amino acid fusion protein, ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a, polyubiquitin B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, glycose synthase kinase-3B, and coagulation factor II and were associated with the regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, which play important roles in the curative effect in CVD treatment. Both types of ginseng can promote the growth of the subintestinal vessel plexus and protect injured intersegmental vessels through the HIF-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, MCG has a stronger impact than GG. This is the first time metabolomics and network pharmacology methods were combined to study the difference between MCG and GG on CVDs, which provides a significant theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of CVD with two kinds of ginseng.

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Characterization of the Components and Pharmacological Effects of Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng and Garden Ginseng Based on the Integrative Pharmacology Strategy

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Research progress on metabolomics in the quality evaluation and clinical study ofPanax ginseng

Research progress on metabolomics in the quality evaluation and clinical study ofPanax ginseng

Combining Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Taproot Enlargement in Panax ginseng

Investigation of the pharmacological effect and mechanism of mountain-cultivated ginseng and garden ginseng in cardiovascular diseases based on network pharmacology and zebrafish experiments

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