Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Sphaerirostris picae (Rudolphi, 1819) (Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae), representative of the genus Sphaerirostris
“…The gene arrangement of all 36 genes and NCRs (Fig. 3) was the same as that in the mitogenome of S. picae (Muhammad et al ., 2019 a ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…4a and b). The interrelationships among the four classes of Acanthocephala revealed by the present phylogenetic analysis are consistent with the previous phylogenomic studies (Gazi et al ., 2016; Muhammad et al ., 2019 a , b , 2020 a , b ; Song et al ., 2019). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The genomic DNA was extracted from the specimens using sodium dodecyl sulfate/proteinase K solution and column purification (Wizard ® SV Genomic DNA Kit, Promega, Madison, USA) following the protocol (Gasser et al ., 2006). Five short fragments ( cox 1, rrn L, nad 5, cyt b and rrn S) of the mt genome of S. lanceoides were amplified using a primer sets of NLF1/NLR1, NLF3/NLR3, NLF5/NLR5, NLF8/NLR8 and NLF11/NLR11 (Muhammad et al ., 2019 a ). For amplification of the remaining sequences of the S. lanceoides mt genome, seven pairs of primers were designed from the amplified short fragments.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In contrast, our present genetic knowledge of Acanthocephala, especially the mitochondrial genomes, are still very limited. To date, only 17 acanthocephalan species with their mt-genomes are available in the NCBI database (Steinauer et al ., 2005; Gazi et al ., 2012; 2015; 2016; Pan and Nie, 2013; Weber et al ., 2013; Song et al ., 2016; 2019; Pan and Jiang, 2018; Muhammad et al ., 2019 a , b , 2020 a , b ). The current classifications of Acanthocephala are established mainly based on morphological characters and ecological traits (Amin, 2013).…”
Our present genetic data of Acanthocephala, especially the mitochondrial (mt) genomes, remains very limited. In the present study, the nearly complete mt genome sequences of Sphaerirostris lanceoides (Petrochenko, 1949) was sequenced and determined for the first time based on specimens collected from the Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae) in Pakistan. The mt genome of S. lanceoides is 13 478 bp in size and contains 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). Moreover, in order to clarify the phylogenetic relationship of the genera Centrorhynchus and Sphaerirostris, and to test the systematic position of S. lanceoides in the Centrorhynchidae, the phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of 12 PCGs, rRNAs and tRNAs. The phylogenetic results further confirmed the monophyly of the order Polymorphida and the paraphyly of the order Echinorhynchida in the class Palaeacanthocephala. Our results also challenged the validity of the genus Sphaerirostris (Polymorphida: Centrorhynchidae) and showed a sister relationship between S. lanceoides and S. picae (Rudolphi, 1819).
“…The gene arrangement of all 36 genes and NCRs (Fig. 3) was the same as that in the mitogenome of S. picae (Muhammad et al ., 2019 a ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…4a and b). The interrelationships among the four classes of Acanthocephala revealed by the present phylogenetic analysis are consistent with the previous phylogenomic studies (Gazi et al ., 2016; Muhammad et al ., 2019 a , b , 2020 a , b ; Song et al ., 2019). Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The genomic DNA was extracted from the specimens using sodium dodecyl sulfate/proteinase K solution and column purification (Wizard ® SV Genomic DNA Kit, Promega, Madison, USA) following the protocol (Gasser et al ., 2006). Five short fragments ( cox 1, rrn L, nad 5, cyt b and rrn S) of the mt genome of S. lanceoides were amplified using a primer sets of NLF1/NLR1, NLF3/NLR3, NLF5/NLR5, NLF8/NLR8 and NLF11/NLR11 (Muhammad et al ., 2019 a ). For amplification of the remaining sequences of the S. lanceoides mt genome, seven pairs of primers were designed from the amplified short fragments.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In contrast, our present genetic knowledge of Acanthocephala, especially the mitochondrial genomes, are still very limited. To date, only 17 acanthocephalan species with their mt-genomes are available in the NCBI database (Steinauer et al ., 2005; Gazi et al ., 2012; 2015; 2016; Pan and Nie, 2013; Weber et al ., 2013; Song et al ., 2016; 2019; Pan and Jiang, 2018; Muhammad et al ., 2019 a , b , 2020 a , b ). The current classifications of Acanthocephala are established mainly based on morphological characters and ecological traits (Amin, 2013).…”
Our present genetic data of Acanthocephala, especially the mitochondrial (mt) genomes, remains very limited. In the present study, the nearly complete mt genome sequences of Sphaerirostris lanceoides (Petrochenko, 1949) was sequenced and determined for the first time based on specimens collected from the Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes) (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae) in Pakistan. The mt genome of S. lanceoides is 13 478 bp in size and contains 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). Moreover, in order to clarify the phylogenetic relationship of the genera Centrorhynchus and Sphaerirostris, and to test the systematic position of S. lanceoides in the Centrorhynchidae, the phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of 12 PCGs, rRNAs and tRNAs. The phylogenetic results further confirmed the monophyly of the order Polymorphida and the paraphyly of the order Echinorhynchida in the class Palaeacanthocephala. Our results also challenged the validity of the genus Sphaerirostris (Polymorphida: Centrorhynchidae) and showed a sister relationship between S. lanceoides and S. picae (Rudolphi, 1819).
“…The two cox1 available sequences of Sphaerirostris lanceoides were obtained from cystacanths present in amphibians and ardeid birds (i.e. Ardeola grayii), respectively (Kang & Li, 2018;Muhammad et al, 2020), and the only cox1 available sequence of Sphaerirostris picae was obtained from adults infecting the corvid Dendrocitta vagabunda (see Muhammad et al, 2019). Indeed, while Sphaerirostris mostly infects passerine birds, Centrorhynchus mainly infects birds of prey instead.…”
Centrorhynchus globocaudatus (Zeder, 1800) Lühe, 1911 (Centrorhynchidae) was reported in birds of prey. Our population from Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus (Falconidae) and Buteo buteo Linnaeus (Accipitridae) in northern Italy was morphologically distinct from others described elsewhere. The worms are elongate and cylindrical. Proboscis long, apically truncated and bare, with wider base and variably faint constriction at point of attachment of receptacle. Large anterior hooks well rooted; posterior spiniform hooks with reduced roots; transitional hooks with scutiform roots in-between. Four tubular cement glands extend into prominent ducts overlapping a large Saefftigen's pouch. Bursa large, with sensory plates. Vagina with laterally slit orifice in sub-ventral pit of globular terminal extension. Thick-shelled eggs ovoid without polar prolongation of fertilization membrane. In our specimens, proboscis hooks, receptacle, male reproductive system, and lemnisci especially in males varied in size from those from Ukraine, India, Egypt, Kyrgystan, Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Asian Soviet Republics. Our description of the Italian specimens includes new morphological information supported by scanning electron microscopy and microscope images, molecular analysis and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) of hooks. Additional new details of proboscis hook roots, micropores and micropore distribution are described. Metal composition of hooks (EDXA) demonstrated high levels of calcium and phosphorous, and high levels of sulphur in core and cortical layers of eggs. The molecular profile based on sequences of 18S and cytochrome c oxidase 1 genes is also provided, as well as phylogenetic reconstructions including all available sequences of the family Centrorhynchidae, although further sequences are needed in order to clarify their phylogenetic relationships.
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