Characterization of the atromentin biosynthesis genes and enzymes in the homobasidiomycete Tapinella panuoides

Colocalization of Amanitin and a Candidate Toxin-Processing Prolyl Oligopeptidase in Amanita Basidiocarps

“…Because the genes of a particular secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathway tend to be clustered in fungi, clustering of AbPOPA or AbPOPB with other genes involved in amatoxin biosynthesis would suggest a role for one or both of these genes in amatoxin biosynthesis (1,27,35). To test this, we screened a lambda phage clone library with AbPOPA and AbPOPB, and two hybridizing clones were sequenced completely.…”

“…However, little is known about the relationship between chemical and structural cellular specialization in relation to natural product production in macrofungi. Besides the amatoxins and phallotoxins, examples of biologically active molecules from mushrooms include psilocybin, lovastatin, muscarine, ibotenic acid, muscimol, strobilurins, pleuromutilin, and illudins (1,27). Specialized mushroom structures known or suspected to contain toxic compounds include cystidia in genera such as Inocybe, Russula, and Strobilurus, which are poisonous to mammals or insects (13,15,17,23).…”

Tyrosine Aminotransferase Contributes to Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy

“…TyrAT deficiency leads to type II tyrosinemia in humans, which is associated with microcephaly, tremor, ataxia, language deficits, and convulsions (Bein and Goldsmith, 1977;Cavelier-Balloy et al, 1985). Fungal TyrATs have been implicated in the biosynthesis of atromentin in Tapinella panuoides (Schneider et al, 2008). Unlike mammalian and microbial enzymes, the physiological functions of plant TyrATs are not well understood.…”

“…Although Tyr, Phe, and Trp are primarily involved in protein synthesis, a vast array of secondary metabolites are also derived from these aromatic amino acids (Tzin and Galili, 2010). Although the biochemical and structural characterization of tyrosine aminotransferase (TyrAT) in mammals and fungi is well established (Blankenfeldt et al, 1999;Sobrado et al, 2003;Schneider et al, 2008;Mehere et al, 2010), considerably less is known about these enzymes in plants. TyrAT is regulated by coronatine, wounding, and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and has been implicated as the initial enzyme in tocopherol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants (Lopukhina et al, 2001;Holländer-Czytko et al, 2005) and Amaranthus caudatus and Chenopodium quinoa cell cultures (Antognoni et al, 2009).…”

Tylopilusin C, a new diphenolic compound from the fruiting bodies of Tylopilus eximinus

“…The biosynthetic precursor atromentin, 8 which was isolated from the same broth of this strain, is biosynthesized from two L-tylosines by enzymes AtrA and AtrD. 9 Next, atromentin can be opened in the central ring (I) and re-cyclized to afford tylopilusin A and/or tylopilusin C type ring systems by enzymatic reactions.…”