Characterization of the activity of a plastid-targeted green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis

Tirlapur, Uday K.; Dahse, I.; Reiss, Bernd; Meurer, Jörg; Oelmüller, Ralf

doi:10.1016/s0171-9335(99)80056-9

Cited by 63 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A single report of GFP exchange between interconnected chloroplasts in guard cells refrains from providing any evidence to show that the two plastids in this singular instance of photobleaching were ever independent (Tirlapur et al, 1999). Therefore, the critical question that remained unanswered until now was whether independent plastids, with or without stromules, had ever been observed fusing like mitochondria for exchanging proteins.…”

Section: Discussion Plastid Fusion: Assumption Versus Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The techniques used for observing stromules in living plant cells have either employed phase contrast and video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy (Wildman et al, 1962;Gunning, 2005) or depended upon timelapse imaging of membrane tubules highlighted with a fluorescent protein (Kö hler et al, 1997Tirlapur et al, 1999;Shiina et al, 2000;Gray et al, 2001;Arimura et al, 2001;Pyke and Howells, 2002;Kwok and Hanson, 2004a;Waters et al, 2004;Shaw and Gray, 2011). In describing the behavior of dynamic stromules, these studies freely used the words fusion, connection, and interaction but have provided no parameters, other than proximity, as the basis for using these words.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, observations of fluorescently highlighted stromules and their behavior have relied largely on single-colored fluorescent proteins (Kö hler et al, 1997;Tirlapur et al, 1999;Arimura et al, 2001;Kwok and Hanson, 2004a;Shaw and Gray, 2011). The use of single-colored proteins does not allow resolving between actual and apparent contact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Coloring Reveals That Plastids Do Not Form Networks for Exchanging Macromolecules

et al. 2012

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Stroma-filled tubules named stromules are sporadic extensions of plastids. Earlier, photobleaching was used to demonstrate fluorescent protein diffusion between already interconnected plastids and formed the basis for suggesting that all plastids are able to form networks for exchanging macromolecules. However, a critical appraisal of literature shows that this conjecture is not supported by unequivocal experimental evidence. Here, using photoconvertible mEosFP, we created color differences between similar organelles that enabled us to distinguish clearly between organelle fusion and nonfusion events. Individual plastids, despite conveying a strong impression of interactivity and fusion, maintained well-defined boundaries and did not exchange fluorescent proteins. Moreover, the high pleomorphy of etioplasts from dark-grown seedlings, leucoplasts from roots, and assorted plastids in the accumulation and replication of chloroplasts5 (arc5), arc6, and phosphoglucomutase1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana suggested that a single plastid unit might be easily mistaken for interconnected plastids. Our observations provide succinct evidence to refute the long-standing dogma of interplastid connectivity. The ability to create and maintain a large number of unique biochemical factories in the form of singular plastids might be a key feature underlying the versatility of green plants as it provides increased internal diversity for them to combat a wide range of environmental fluctuations and stresses.

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Section: Discussion Plastid Fusion: Assumption Versus Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Coloring Reveals That Plastids Do Not Form Networks for Exchanging Macromolecules

et al. 2012

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“…This result suggests that protein import into chloroplasts is important for the normal development of leaves. Several reports have demonstrated that defects in the nuclearencoded genes prevent early stage chloroplast development, and also prevent leaf development (Reiter et al, 1994;Tirlapur et al, 1999). Based on the localization of these gene products in chloroplasts, it is suggested that the integrity of chloroplasts is important for the normal development of leaves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been demonstrated that several chloroplast proteins encoded in nuclear genomes are involved both in the biogenesis of chloroplasts, and in plant development. For example, defects in genes encoding chloroplast-targeted proteins such as PALE CRESS (PAC) of Arabidopsis thaliana (Reiter et al, 1994;Tirlapur et al, 1999), PGP1 of A. thaliana (Hagio et al, 2002), DAG of Antirrhinum majus Edited by Eiichi Ohtsubo (Chatterjee et al, 1996), and defects in genes such as DEFECTIVE CHLOROPLASTS AND LEAVES ( DCL ) of Lycopersicon esculentum (Keddie et al, 1996), and CLO-ROPLASTOS ALTERADOS 1 ( CLA1 ) in A. thaliana (Mandel et al, 1996) impair the development of chloroplasts and mesophyll cells. The vdl mutant of Nicotiana tabacum and the crl mutant of A. thaliana , which also encode plastid-targeted proteins, display defects in the development of leaves, roots, flowers, and chloroplasts (Wang et al, 2000;Asano et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A defect in atToc159 of Arabidopsis thaliana causes severe defects in leaf development

2004

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Plastid protein import 2 (ppi2), a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana , lacks a homologue of a component of the translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (Toc), designated Toc159 of the pea. Toc159 is thought to be essential for the import of photosynthetic proteins into chloroplasts. In order to investigate the effect of protein import on the plant development, we examined the morphologies of the developing leaves and the shoot apical meristems (SAM) in the ppi2 plants. Our histological analysis revealed that the development of leaves is severely affected in ppi2 , while the structure of SAM is normal. Abnormalities in leaves became obvious in the later stages of leaf development, resulting in the generation of mature leaves with fewer mesophyll cells and more intercellular spaces as compared with the wild type. Palisade and spongy tissues of the mature leaves were indistinguishable in ppi2 . Replication of chloroplast DNA was also suggested to be impaired in ppi2 . Our results suggest that protein import into chloroplasts is important for the normal development of leaves.

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Plastid Development and Differentiation

Waters

Pyke

2018

Annual Plant Reviews Online

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Characterization of the activity of a plastid-targeted green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis

Cited by 63 publications

References 38 publications

Differential Coloring Reveals That Plastids Do Not Form Networks for Exchanging Macromolecules

Differential Coloring Reveals That Plastids Do Not Form Networks for Exchanging Macromolecules

A defect in atToc159 of Arabidopsis thaliana causes severe defects in leaf development

Plastid Development and Differentiation

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