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The study assessed water chemistry of Nworie inland aquatic ecosystem in South eastern, Nigeria from January, 2020 to December 2022. Water samples were taken from the upper, middle, and lower river at 200 m interval. Data collected were subjected to multivariate analyses. Results of physicochemical tracers indicated mean CaCO3, Ca2+&Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to be 172.8 mg/l, 103.1 mg/l, 16.50 mg/l respectively above the World Health Organisation (WHO) critical limits, while turbidity (NTU), dissolved oxygen (DO) mgl−1, chloride (Cl−) mg/l, Magnesium (Mg) mg/l, Sodium (Na) mg/l, sulphate (SO42+) mg/l, nitrate (NO3−) mg/l, potassium (K) mg/l and phosphate (PO34) were below the limits. Heavy metals (mg/l) showed mean values viz: Cd 2+(0.053), Cr2+(0.049), Fe2+(0.443), Ni2+(0.024), and Pb (0.787) which were all above some critical global limits, except for Cu2+ and Zn2+ and in decreasing abundance: Pb2+ ≥ Fe2+ ≥ Cu2+ ≥ Zn2+ ≥ Cd2+ ≥ Cr2+ ≥ Ni2. Physicochemical tracers and elements in water correlated in both positive and negative directions. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed significant loads of PC3; CaCO3, NO3, COD, DO, Ca, PO4, Cu, Fe, Zn, PC2; moderate loads of SO4, Cl, & Na originating from complex human activities. Contamination factor (Cf), recorded high for cadmium while pollution load & ecological risk recorded low in decreasing order: Cr2+ ≥ Zn2+ ≥ Ni2+ ≥ Cd2+ ≥ Pb2+ ≥ Cu2+ ≥ Fe2+ with contamination degree in order of: Lower River (LR) ≥ Upper River(UR) ≥ Middle River(MR) and low risk index. Continuous monitoring of human activities along the whole River is important to mitigate any aquatic ecosystem damage for water quality sustainability.
The study assessed water chemistry of Nworie inland aquatic ecosystem in South eastern, Nigeria from January, 2020 to December 2022. Water samples were taken from the upper, middle, and lower river at 200 m interval. Data collected were subjected to multivariate analyses. Results of physicochemical tracers indicated mean CaCO3, Ca2+&Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to be 172.8 mg/l, 103.1 mg/l, 16.50 mg/l respectively above the World Health Organisation (WHO) critical limits, while turbidity (NTU), dissolved oxygen (DO) mgl−1, chloride (Cl−) mg/l, Magnesium (Mg) mg/l, Sodium (Na) mg/l, sulphate (SO42+) mg/l, nitrate (NO3−) mg/l, potassium (K) mg/l and phosphate (PO34) were below the limits. Heavy metals (mg/l) showed mean values viz: Cd 2+(0.053), Cr2+(0.049), Fe2+(0.443), Ni2+(0.024), and Pb (0.787) which were all above some critical global limits, except for Cu2+ and Zn2+ and in decreasing abundance: Pb2+ ≥ Fe2+ ≥ Cu2+ ≥ Zn2+ ≥ Cd2+ ≥ Cr2+ ≥ Ni2. Physicochemical tracers and elements in water correlated in both positive and negative directions. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed significant loads of PC3; CaCO3, NO3, COD, DO, Ca, PO4, Cu, Fe, Zn, PC2; moderate loads of SO4, Cl, & Na originating from complex human activities. Contamination factor (Cf), recorded high for cadmium while pollution load & ecological risk recorded low in decreasing order: Cr2+ ≥ Zn2+ ≥ Ni2+ ≥ Cd2+ ≥ Pb2+ ≥ Cu2+ ≥ Fe2+ with contamination degree in order of: Lower River (LR) ≥ Upper River(UR) ≥ Middle River(MR) and low risk index. Continuous monitoring of human activities along the whole River is important to mitigate any aquatic ecosystem damage for water quality sustainability.
The study assessed the effect of inland sand mining activities on the physicochemical properties and potentially toxic elements in soils in Umuna, Obowo LGA, Imo State, and Southeastern Nigeria. Triplicate soil samples were collected from soil depths ranging from 0-15, 15-30 cm) in eight traverse points and control. Points were designated soil sampling point (SSP) ranging between SSP1-SSP8 and control sample point (CSP1). The results of the particle distribution were in order of Sand ≥ Clay ≥ Silt, with Textural class ranging from sandy loams to loamy sandy. Chemical tracers: Soil pH ranged from 4.8 – 5.7 signifying moderate to strong acidity. The available P, Total N., SOC,SOM and BS ≤ control and Maximum Tolerable limits and FAO /World Reference Base. Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) (cmol/kg) (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+), with mean Ca2+ 3.02, Mg2+, 0.64, K+ 0.09, Na+ 0.10 ≤ control respectively. Exchangeable acidity recorded 1.04 ≥ control, and CEC: 6.22 ≤ the control. Based on the ratings of soil nutrients for agricultural soil, the soil nutrients status of the sand mined sites ranged from very low to low status for total N(0.02 -0.04), avail. P (6.55-9.96), exchangeable K, (0.07-0.14), exchangeable Ca (2.25-3.55), and exchangeable Mg (0.25-0.85). Copper the mean value of 15.21, Lead: 12.20 and Cadmium (1.80) ≥ control (zero) above the FAO/WHO permissible levels respectively. Chromium (2.65) ≤ the FAO/WHO, limit. The potentially toxic heavy metals are in order of abundance in sand –mined soil: Cu ≥ Pb ≥ Cr ≥ Cd, with copper dominating the soil. The conservation of the area requires ecological restoration and regeneration of degraded mining site and the prohibition of mining activities as well as strict local control and enforcement of mining laws.
Uncontrolled infiltration of water poses a significant environmental threat, capable of causing severe damage to structures and farmland if left unaddressed. In the context of Anambra state, Nigeria, uncontrolled infiltration has emerged as the primary cause of internal erosion, leading to the formation of numerous sinkholes scattered throughout the region. Consequently, this study aimed to analyse the physical dynamics of the soils surrounding these sinkholes within the state. The investigation was conducted across three distinct locations: Awka site 1 (6.2232°N and 7.0824°E), Awka site 2 (6.2220°N and 7.0819°E), and Agulu (6.3401°N and 7.1233°E). A total of 24 soil samples were collected and analysed, comprising of 15 samples from the immediate vicinity of the sinkholes and 9 samples obtained from areas located at least 2Km or more from the sinkholes. The parameters examined included pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Organic Carbon (OC), Organic Matter (OM), erodibility Factor (K), Moisture Content (MC), Bulk Density, Total Porosity and soil texture. The results revealed a range of pH values, with the piping zone exhibiting a pH of 5 and below, while the non-piping zone predominantly displayed a pH of 6 and above. This discrepancy indicates soil sodicity, suggesting potential challenges in terms of soil quality. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity values varied from 2.21 to 7.21 \(\mu\)S/cm, signifying differing levels of ion concentration within the examined areas. Additionally, the analyses indicated a substantial depletion of organic content, with the piping zone registering a meager organic content value of 2.43. Investigations of soil texture within the piping regions highlighted a notably low clay content, ranging from 2.5% to 6.7%. This finding suggested that significant drainage of the soil has potentially influenced the overall soil stability and the observations underscoring the presence of dispersive processes within the soil, further contribute to the prevailing conditions.
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