Characterization of Sapwood and Brown Heart in<i>Terminalia superba</i>Engl. et Diels

Bauch, J.; Seehann, G.; Endeward, R.

doi:10.1515/hfsg.1982.36.5.257

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Discoloured wood is often more sharply defined than bands in heartwood and is caused by environmentally initiated physiological processes. It is usually a zone of several millimetres around an injury to the sapwood or infected branch stubs; it can be associated with wetwood and extends axially for so me distance (Shigo & Larson 1969;Bauch et al 1982). The chemical composition is different from that of heartwood, the extractives may offer some degree of protection, and melanistic substances form in some species (e.g.…”

Section: Diseolourationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hart 1968). Discoloured wood yields a larger amount of ash and contains more moisture than the surrounding tissues (Shigo & Hillis 1973;Bauch et al 1982). This is the case with D. tomentosa which has yielded a high amount of ash of 2.34% (oven dry basis) consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (1.79%) and magnesium carbonate (0.29%) (Gamble 1922).…”

Section: Diseolourationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of Ebony and Streaked Woods

Hillis¹,

Soenardi²

1994

IAWA J

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Samples of 175 Diospyros species were examined with 27 containing some ebonised wood which was rarely uniformly jet black. Ebony is commonly composed of a series of axial and alternating black and paler streaks, often in characteristic patterns as in D. celebica. Large amounts of black non-structural deposits first appear in vessels, then fibres, and the origin of these materials could not be found. Deposits were absent from the axial and ray parenchyma of the paler streaks. Crystals were present in some species. Fungi have been detected in tissues adjacent to ebonised wood which appears to be formed differently from normal heartwood.

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Section: Diseolourationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diseolourationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Ebony and Streaked Woods

Hillis¹,

Soenardi²

1994

IAWA J

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“…With increase of weight loss a further decomposition of lignin also begins ( Fig. But two of them (Paecilomyces spec., Thielavia terrestris ) growing on pine (Pinus monticola) removed lignin more quickly than carbohydrates, as is more characteristic of white-rot fungi ( UV spectroscopic measurements of oak wood (Quercus robur) decayed by Chaetomium globosum showed a decrease of lignin content at least in the S2-layer (Bauch et al 1976) (Fig. In this regard the fungus acts similarly to brown-rot fungi.…”

Section: Decay By Soft-rot Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

14. Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation

1983

Wood

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Enzymes play an important role in the lives of all organisms: in their development, their growth and their disappearance. In trees, too, the biosynthesis of wood components and the building-up of the cell walls are controlled by enzymes. Enzymes regulate the metabolism in the parenchyma cells. The natural degradation of wood also occurs by the action of enzymes supplied by wood-destroying organisms. They degrade the insoluble wood components to soluble products, and finally to simple chemical compounds which are introduced to the metabolism of the organisms.A knowledge of the mechanisms of enzymatic degradation of wood and its components may be helpful for taking precautionary measures to prevent the attack of wood-destroying organisms. This knowledge is also important for the utilization of enzymatic reactions by which wood components can be converted into chemicals and foodstuff. Additionally enzymatic reactions are used for the isolation of wood components, and for clarifying linkages, e.g. in lignin-polysaccharide complexes.In recent years a great many studies have appeared concerning the various aspects of enzymatic reactions of wood and its components; the results of these studies alone would fill more than one book. Summary descriptions of biological, physical and chemical aspects are given Cartwright and Findley (1958), Rypäcek (1966), Cote (1968), Seifert (1968), Liese (1970), Bavendamm (1974) and Crawford (1981). Several symposia demonstrate the world-wide activity in this field (Becker, Liese 1965, 1976; Liese 1975; Kirk et al. 1980). Wood-Destroying OrganismsWood can be attacked by animal or vegetable parasites. The animal parasites include: insects, such as boring beatles (Anobium, Lyctus, Hylotrupes etc.), wasps, ants and termites; crustaceans such as gribble (Limnoria); and molusks such as shipworms (Teredo, Banksia etc.) (Schmidt 1962; Hickin 1963; Bletchly 1967; Cöte 1968). All these animals or their larvae, respectively, destroy wood primarily by a mechanical process of boring and feeding. Apart from hemiparasitic mistletoe (Viscum album) the vegetable pests belong to the groups of fungi and bacteria (Wagenführ, Steiger 1966; Cöte 1968; Seifert 1968; Liese 1970).-Blue-stain: fungi which live mainly from residual proteins in the parenchyma cells predominantly of softwoods. They are Acomycetes and Fungi imperfecti which are able to degrade polysaccharides in a restricted manner. Their main damage to wood is a blue or black discolouration which is caused by dark deposits within the hyphae.In addition to these groups of fungi numerous other fungi (e.g. mould fungi) are able to live in wood. But they do not, or only slightly, discolour the wood or cause negligible changes of weight and strength, though some of them show comparatively high cellulolytic and xylolytic activities (Fukuda et al. 1981). Their importance, which is known in considerable detail, is due to their influence on the growth behaviour of the wood-destroying fungi (antagonism, stimulation).The degradation of wood by bacteria is limit...

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