Characterization of Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus- and Rice Stripe Virus-Derived siRNAs in Singly and Doubly Infected Insect Vector Laodelphax striatellus

Li, Junmin; Andika, Ida Bagus; Shen, Jiangfeng; Lv, Yuanda; Ji, Yongqiang; Sun, Liying; Chen, Jianping

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066007

Cited by 57 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…SRBSDV vsiRNAs were predominantly 22 and 21 nt long (Fig. 1B), consistent with the characteristics reported recently for vsiRNAs in SBPHs infected with Rice black streaked dwarf virus, Rice stripe virus, and Himetobi P virus (15)(16)(17), suggesting that a conserved RNAi pathway may be triggered by viral infection of SBPH or WBPH cells.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The quantity and integrity of RNA were determined with an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies). Small RNA library preparation and Solexas sequencing were performed by the Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen as described previously (15,16). Briefly, following PAGE purification of small RNA molecules (18 to 32 nt) and Solexa adaptor ligation to their 5= and 3= ends, they were amplified with the adaptor primers for 17 cycles and fragments of approximately 90 bp (small RNA and adaptors) were isolated from the agarose gel.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plant reoviruses, plant rhabdoviruses, tospoviruses, and tenuiviruses are transmitted in a persistent propagative manner by sap-sucking insect vectors, including thrips, aphids, planthoppers, and leafhoppers (1)(2)(3). The key siRNA pathway factors DCR2 and AGO2 are conserved in sap-sucking insects that transmit persistent propagative plant viruses (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Indeed, the RNAi pathway is triggered by the replication of persistent propagative plant viruses in insect vectors (15)(16)(17)(18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The key siRNA pathway factors DCR2 and AGO2 are conserved in sap-sucking insects that transmit persistent propagative plant viruses (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Indeed, the RNAi pathway is triggered by the replication of persistent propagative plant viruses in insect vectors (15)(16)(17)(18). Thus, the similarities of virus-vector interactions of persistent propagative plant viruses and arboviruses suggest that the replication of plant viruses might also induce a siRNA antiviral response in insect vectors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small Interfering RNA Pathway Modulates Initial Viral Infection in Midgut Epithelium of Insect after Ingestion of Virus

Lan

Chen

Liu

et al. 2016

J Virol

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IMPORTANCE Many viral pathogens that cause significant global health and agricultural problems are transmitted via insect vectors. The first bottleneck in viral infection, the midgut epithelium, is a principal determinant of the ability of an insect species to transmit a virus. Southern rice black streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is restricted exclusively to the midgut epithelium of an incompetent vector, the small brown planthopper (SBPH).Here, we show that silencing of the core component Dicer-2 of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway increases viral titers in the midgut epithelium past the threshold (1.99 ؋ 10 9 copies of the SRBSDV P10 gene/g of midgut RNA) for viral dissemination into the midgut muscles and then into the salivary glands, allowing the SBPH to become a competent vector of SRBSDV. This result is the first evidence that the siRNA antiviral pathway has a direct role in the control of viral dissemination from the midgut epithelium and that it affects the competence of the virus's vector. Many viral pathogens that cause significant global health and agricultural problems are arthropod borne and transmitted via an insect vector. Many plant viruses are transmitted in a persistent manner by sap-sucking insects, including planthoppers, leafhoppers, thrips, and aphids (1-3). Plant viruses, when ingested by their insect vectors, establish their initial infection in the midgut epithelium, from where they disseminate to the midgut visceral muscles (1-3). The viruses then move from the midgut muscles into the hemolymph and finally into the salivary glands, from where they can be introduced into plant hosts (1-3). Efficient viral infection of the midgut epithelium, where initial infection is established, is thus a determinative factor in the ability of an insect species to transmit a certain plant virus.This ability of an insect species to transmit a virus, which has been described as vector competence, is common in nature (4, 5). For many years, the midgut barrier has been believed to be the principal determinant of vector competence (1-9). For example, infection of the incompetent insect vectors of Rice dwarf virus and SRBSDV, two plant reoviruses, and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a tospovirus, is restricted to the midgut epithelium (7-10). The inability of incompetent insect vectors to transmit these viruses may be caused by a failure of the virus to efficiently replicate in or disseminate from the midgut epithelium (1-5). It is possible that viral titers in the midgut epithelium of incompetent vectors are unable to reach the threshold needed for viral dissemination. The innate immune response in the midgut epithelium may effectively control viral accumulation, thus blocking viral transmission by incompetent vectors. However, whether the initial antiviral immune pathway(s) in the insect midgut can modulate the competence of plant virus vectors is not unknown.Several mosquito and Drosophila innate immune responses have been reported to have an antiviral effect. These responses include RNA interfere...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small Interfering RNA Pathway Modulates Initial Viral Infection in Midgut Epithelium of Insect after Ingestion of Virus

Lan

Chen

Liu

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…This mode of replication raises an interesting question: do dsRNA viruses escape from dsRNA-mediated antiviral responses, including RNA silencing? Some studies have detected vsRNAs, which are a hallmark of RNA silencing, from dsRNA viruses in insects using next-generation sequencing (NGS), including reoviruses (20)(21)(22), a totivirus (23), and entomobirnaviruses (24,25). These data suggested that encapsidated dsRNA viruses are also a target of RNA silencing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Inductions of RNA Silencing among Encapsidated Double-Stranded RNA Mycoviruses in the White Root Rot Fungus Rosellinia necatrix

Yaegashi

Shimizu

Ito

et al. 2016

J Virol

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RNA silencing acts as a defense mechanism against virus infection in a wide variety of organisms. Here, we investigated inductions of RNA silencing against encapsidated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) fungal viruses (mycoviruses), including a partitivirus (RnPV1), a quadrivirus (RnQV1), a victorivirus (RnVV1), a mycoreovirus (RnMyRV3), and a megabirnavirus (RnMBV1) in the phytopathogenic fungus Rosellinia necatrix. Expression profiling of RNA silencing-related genes revealed that a dicer-like gene, an Argonaute-like gene, and two RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes were upregulated by RnMyRV3 or RnMBV1 infection but not by other virus infections or by constitutive expression of dsRNA in R. necatrix. Massive analysis of viral small RNAs (vsRNAs) from the five mycoviruses showed that 19-to 22-nucleotide (nt) vsRNAs were predominant; however, their ability to form duplexes with 3= overhangs and the 5= nucleotide preferences of vsRNAs differed among the five mycoviruses. The abundances of 19-to 22-nt vsRNAs from RnPV1, RnQV1, RnVV1, RnMyRV3, and RnMBV1 were 6.8%, 1.2%, 0.3%, 13.0%, and 24.9%, respectively. Importantly, the vsRNA abundances and accumulation levels of viral RNA were not always correlated, and the origins of the vsRNAs were distinguishable among the five mycoviruses. These data corroborated diverse interactions between encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses and RNA silencing. Moreover, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based sensor assay in R. necatrix revealed that RnMBV1 infection induced silencing of the target sensor gene (GFP gene and the partial RnMBV1 sequence), suggesting that vsRNAs from RnMBV1 activated the RNA-induced silencing complex. Overall, this study provides insights into RNA silencing against encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses. IMPORTANCEEncapsidated dsRNA fungal viruses (mycoviruses) are believed to replicate inside their virions; therefore, there is a question of whether they induce RNA silencing. Here, we investigated inductions of RNA silencing against encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses (a partitivirus, a quadrivirus, a victorivirus, a mycoreovirus, and a megabirnavirus) in Rosellinia necatrix. We revealed upregulation of RNA silencing-related genes in R. necatrix infected with a mycoreovirus or a megabirnavirus but not with other viruses, which was consistent with the relatively high abundances of vsRNAs from the two mycoviruses. We also showed common and different molecular features and origins of the vsRNAs from the five mycoviruses. Furthermore, we demonstrated the activation of RNA-induced silencing complex by mycoviruses in R. necatrix. Taken together, our data provide insights into an RNA silencing pathway against encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses which is differentially induced among encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses; that is, diverse replication strategies exist among encapsidated dsRNA mycoviruses. RNA silencing is a sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism that is widely conserved among eukaryotic organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi (1-4). This mechanism is triggered by th...

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ARGONAUTE SUBFAMILY GENES IN THE SMALL BROWN PLANTHOPPER, Laodelphax striatellus (HEMIPTERA: DELPHACIDAE)

Zhou

Li³

et al. 2015

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Argonaute (AGO) proteins are essential catalytic components of the RNA-induced silencing complex and play central roles in RNA interference. Using a combination of bioinformatics and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methods, putative AGO subfamily members, ls-AGO1 and ls-AGO2, were cloned and characterized from the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus. The open reading frame (ORF) of ls-AGO1 is 2,820 bp long, encoding a putative protein of 939 amino acid residues, and ls-AGO2 contains an ORF of 2,490 bp, encoding 829 amino acid residues. The expected conserved PAZ and PIWI domains, and the conserved Asp-Asp-His (DDH) catalytic triad motif in the PIWI domain were observed in both ls-AGO1 and ls-AGO2. Reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) results showed that both ls-AGO1 and ls-AGO2 were expressed in all developmental stages of L. striatellus with highest mRNA abundance in eggs. Expression of ls-AGO1 and ls-AGO2 was significantly decreased in adult insects in response to acquisition of rice black-streaked dwarf virus by second instar nymphs. mRNA expression of ls-AGO1 was significantly downregulated in response to low and high temperatures, but expression of ls-AGO2 was only affected by low temperature. ls-AGO1 and ls-AGO2 were initially downregulated when insects were transferred from rice to maize and to the wild grass Brachypodium distachyon, but expression showed partial or complete recovery 7 days after transfer. These results document that AGO subfamily members of L. striatellus are ubiquitously expressed at different developmental stages and respond to various stresses. Thus, AGO subfamily may act in regulating the stress-response of L. striatellus by controlling related gene expression.

show abstract

Characterization of Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus- and Rice Stripe Virus-Derived siRNAs in Singly and Doubly Infected Insect Vector Laodelphax striatellus

Cited by 57 publications

References 51 publications

Small Interfering RNA Pathway Modulates Initial Viral Infection in Midgut Epithelium of Insect after Ingestion of Virus

Small Interfering RNA Pathway Modulates Initial Viral Infection in Midgut Epithelium of Insect after Ingestion of Virus

Differential Inductions of RNA Silencing among Encapsidated Double-Stranded RNA Mycoviruses in the White Root Rot Fungus Rosellinia necatrix

ARGONAUTE SUBFAMILY GENES IN THE SMALL BROWN PLANTHOPPER, Laodelphax striatellus (HEMIPTERA: DELPHACIDAE)

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