“…Plant growth promoting rhizobia can secrete metabolites that stimulate plant growth and play important roles in environmental stress tolerance [ 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Application of PGP rhizobia increase plant survival in the presence of hazardous levels of metals mainly by counteracting biomass decrease by improved mineral nutrition and secretion of phytohormones, enhance the production of plant growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins), and stimulate photosynthesis and antioxidant activity [ 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Moreover, rhizobia also support plant adaptation to metal-polluted sites through chelation of the metals in the soils [ 14 , 29 , 33 ].…”