Characterization of proton exchange lithium niobate waveguides

Abstract

Proton exchanged samples of LiNbO, have been profiled by micro-Raman spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering channeling, and by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Following proton exchange (PE) there are two different phases in addition to pure LiNbO, detected by XRD. After successive annealing steps the outermost phase disappears and an interfacial region forms progressively between PE and LiNbO,. Specific vibrational bands are correlated to electro-optic and nonlinear optical properties of the system, and the recovery of these properties upon amrealing is correlated to chemical bonding changes.

Planar and channel waveguides on Na:CBN formed by oxygen ion implantation

“…In practice, channel or ridge waveguides are more widely used than planar waveguides, such as switches, splitters and amplifiers, due to the stronger spatial confinement of light, reaching higher optical intensities within more compact scales [14,15]. There are many methods to fabricate waveguides, such as metal ion indiffusion, ion implantation, proton exchange, direct femtosecond laser writing or the combination of the above-mentioned methods [16][17][18][19]. The ion implantation technique is an excellent method for waveguide fabrication due to the controllable number, energy, temperature and range of the implanted ions.…”

Patterning of Lithium Niobate Thin Films Derived from Aqueous Solution

“…Titanium-diffused and proton-exchanged waveguides especially have been studied extensively using LiNbO 3 single-crystal substrates that have been grown from a nonstoichiometric harmonic composition melt by the Czochralski method. [1][2][3][4][5] Recently, the development of a processing method for highquality stoichiometric LiNbO 3 thin films has been receiving much attention for miniaturizing and integrating optical waveguide devices.…”

Synthesis of Highly Oriented Lithium Niobate Thin Film from Neutralized Aqueous Precursor Solution

“…Titanium-diffused or proton-exchanged waveguides have been studied extensively using LiNbO 3 single-crystal substrates that were grown from a nonstoichiometric harmonic composition melt by the Czochralski method. [1][2][3][4][5] Recently, the development of processing methods for high-quality, stoichiometric LiNbO 3 thin films has been receiving much attention for miniaturizing and integrating optical waveguide devices.…”