Characterization of Plant Somatic Embryo Development Using Fourier Shape Analysis^a

Effects from shear stress on morphology and growth of early stages of Norway spruce somatic embryos

“…Furthermore, spectral analysis through discrete and fast Fourier transformations has been applied to acquire quantitative information on the presence of different embryo shapes in culture (Cazzulino et al, 1987;Chi et al, 1994Chi et al, , 1996Vits et al, 1994). The features converted from the segments of an embryo contour by discretizing the entire contour with an equal angle increment, resulted in a non-uniform contour sampling and could not consistently define the cotyledonary embryos .…”

Characterizing patterns in plant somatic embryo cultures: Its morphology and development

“…Normalized Fourier Morphological Descriptors. In a previous effort, Cazzulino et al (1987) computed Fourier spectra for carrot somatic embryos at the three canonical developmental stages, for the function defined as the distance from the centroid to projected perimeter, sampled at a constant angular increment ( Figure 2A). Later, it was suggested (Cazzulino et al, 1991) that image analyzers were imprecise in their centroid determination and that the information provided by standard software packages was inadequate for reliable Fourier analysis.…”

“…Later, it was suggested (Cazzulino et al, 1991) that image analyzers were imprecise in their centroid determination and that the information provided by standard software packages was inadequate for reliable Fourier analysis. The method, as presented by Cazzulino et al (1987), has three limitations: (1) the unavailability of protocols to ensure consistency (similarity in the Fourier spectra) between similar shaped embryos independent of size, orientation, starting point and chirality effects; (2) the possibility of multivalued dependencies for complex shapes such as abnormally developing embryos, embryo clusters and large callus particles; and (3) the nonuniformity associated with perimeter sampling at constant angular increment.…”

Possible Effect From Shear Stress on Maturation of Somatic Embryos of Norway Spruce (Picea abies)

“…The effect from shear stress on carrot somatic embryo development has been characterized by parameters describing the shape of the embryo in terms of axial length, diameter, cotyledon length, and cotyledon arc (Schiavone and Cooke, 1985). Quantitative information on the presence of different embryo shapes in culture has been obtained by spectral analysis through discrete and fast Fourier transformations with image analysis technique (Cazzulino et al, 1987; Chi et al, 1994, 1996). Image analysis is a widely used tool to describe developmental processes in mammalian cells, filamentous organisms, and plant cells in suspension culture (for review, see Thomas and Paul, 1996).…”