Characterization of photomultiplier tubes in a novel operation mode for Secondary Emission Ionization Calorimetry

Abstract

Hamamatsu single anode R7761 and multi-anode R5900-00-M16 Photomultiplier Tubes have been characterized for use in a Secondary Emission (SE) Ionization Calorimetry study. SE Ionization Calorimetry is a novel technique to measure electromagnetic shower particles in extreme radiation environments. The different operation modes used in these tests were developed by modifying the conventional PMT bias circuit. These modifications were simple changes to the arrangement of the voltage dividers of the baseboard circuits. The PMTs with modified bases, referred to as operating in SE mode, are used as an SE detector module in an SE calorimeter prototype, and placed between absorber materials (Fe, Cu, Pb, W, etc.). Here, the technical design of different operation modes, as well as the characterization measurements of both SE modes and the conventional PMT mode are reported.

Search for heavy Majorana neutrinos in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV with the CMS detector & photodetector and calorimeter R&D for particle colliders

“…Average gain for the R5900-00-M16 in Mode 1 is 15-30×10 5 and in Mode 2 is 2-20×10 5 for the range of operating voltages 800-1200 V. Average gain for R7761 is 6-9×10 5 both for Mode 1 and Mode 2, and in Mode 3 is 1-6×10 5 for the range of operating voltages 1500-2000 V. Both modules are operating stably and can serve as active layers in calorimetric measurements with beams in order to validate the concept of secondary emission calorimetry. The results of this study was published at JINST in 2016 [84] and also presented at many conferences.…”

“…This study was published in JINST in 2016 by the author. This chapter in this thesis was included from Ref [84]…”

Secondary Emission Calorimetry

“…The first SE prototype module was constructed with seven Hamamatsu single anode R7761 PMTs and was extensively tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility [7] with 4, 8 and 16 GeV electron beams. The characterization of the PMTs for the first SE sensor can be found in [8].…”

Effects of O2 adsorption on secondary electron emission properties

“…Various devices, including electron multiplier tubes, photomultiplier tubes, and microchannel plates, utilize the SEE to detect weak photoelectronic signals. [1] Nevertheless, it is also a major element governing the performances of electron accelerators, high-power microwave sources, and space microwave devices. [2] The electron cloud and multiplicator effect resulting from SE multiplication will significantly degrade performance and even cause irreparable harm.…”