Characterization of phenol–formaldehyde resins derived from liquefied lodgepole pine barks

Structural Characterization of Cure Bio-based Phenol Formaldehyde Wood Adhesive

“…The DSC result in Table 1 shows the inclusion of bark phenolic component decreases and at the same time accelerated the curing temperature of the resin. The findings is corroborated with the previously published DSC research work of [8,16], that establishes that the introduction of phenolic-bark extractives to the PF resin synthesis affected the curing behavior and curing kinetics of the resulting BPF resin by acting as an accelerators in PF resins for plywood production due to their ability to minimize gelation and shorten press time. The BPF resins had faster curing rates than the commercial and laboratory synthesized pure PF resin.…”

“…Those effects are multiplied and complicated as a result of the complex composition and structure of wood as well as bark composition. Many studies have reported the curing and structural characterization of forestry residue [7,8] but their focus was essentially on softwood bark because of its composition of both guaiacyl and syringyl units derived from trans-coniferyl and trans-sinapyl alcohols. Notwithstanding, it has also been established that the weight percentage of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in any type of biomass as well as the composition of syringyl, guaiacyl and p-hydroxyphenyl is affected by several factors [9] among which are: Geographical location , soil type, climatic conditions, plant species, pH level, soil nutrients and age of plant species.…”

Thermal degradation characteristics of phenol–formaldehyde resins derived from beetle infested pine barks

“…Liquefied bark-phenol-formaldehyde (LBPF) resin and bark extractive-phenol-formaldehyde (BEPF) resin were synthesized according to the methods reported previously [22,23]. A laboratory made PF resin (lab PF) without any bark components was prepared by following the same procedures used in the synthesis of bark derived-PF resins.…”

“…Recently, phenolic compounds from bark were used to partially substitute petroleum-derived phenol in the PF resol resin synthesis [22,23]. In these studies, bark components were obtained by either liquefaction of bark in phenol or extraction of bark using a solvent.…”

Characterisation of Rhizophora Particleboard Using Bio-Oil-Based Phenol Formaldehyde (Pf) Resin

“…Free formaldehyde level of BPF resins increased significantly with an increase of substitution level of phenol with bio-oil. This was mostly due to the lower reactivity of bio-oil over phenol or lower Free formaldehyde level (wt%) Not detectable Zhao et al (2010) Curing temperature (°C) 150 Cheng et al (2011) number of active sites especially in -otho and -para position to the phenolic hydroxyl group of the biooil which caused poor interaction between phenol and formaldehyde, hence leaving an amount of free formaldehyde at the end of synthesis (Cheng et al, 2011). Meanwhile, the curing temperature of the resins was represented by the single exothermic peak obtained from DSC result.…”