“…Various genetic approaches including RNA-sequencing ( Augustino et al, 2020 ; Khan et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2022 ), whole-genome sequencing, mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) ( Uemoto et al, 2021 ), candidate gene analysis ( Yang et al, 2016 ) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) ( Kai-Yuan et al ) ( Wang et al, 2022 ) have been utilized to identify fundamental genes or their polymorphisms correlated with animal production and disease resistance phenotypic traits in animals ( Ma et al, 2021 ; Khan et al, 2023 ). The utilization of markers for milk quality, production traits, disease resistance ( Khan et al, 2022 ; Yang et al, 2022 ), thermo-tolerance, fertility, and carcass quality in cattle plays a crucial role in enhancing their health and productivity ( Khan et al, 2021 ). These markers enable targeted selection and breeding programs, optimizing production and ensuring reduce infection risks in animals.…”