Characterization of particulate and gaseous pollutants emitted during operation of a desktop 3D printer

Gu, Jian‐Wei; Wensing, Michael; Uhde, Erik; Salthammer, Tunga

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.014

Cited by 119 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

125

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The printer was placed in a 0.13 m 3 enclosure, which is a common practice during FDM 3D printing, especially using ABS filaments due to the relatively high thermal shrinkage of this material which might result in the object detaching from the build plate mid-print as it cools unevenly. While in some previous studies much larger enclosures were used [ 31 ] which provide a good approximation of a scenario in which the user is exposed to emissions from a free-standing 3D printer, we have focused on a scenario in which the printer is enclosed. Usually, this is done using a dedicated enclosure supplied by the manufacturer of the 3D printer, in which case the volume of the enclosure might be smaller than the one used in the experiments, which was designed primarily to facilitate the sampling.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the BTEX Volatiles during 3D Printing with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Using Electronic Nose and Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry

Wojnowski

Kalinowska

Gębicki

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We describe a concept study in which the changes of concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and styrene within a 3D printer enclosure during printing with different acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments were monitored in real-time using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer and an electronic nose. The quantitative data on the concentration of the BTEX compounds, in particular the concentration of carcinogenic benzene, were then used as reference values for assessing the applicability of an array of low-cost electrochemical sensors in monitoring the exposure of the users of consumer-grade fused deposition modelling 3D printers to potentially harmful volatiles. Using multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning, it was possible to determine whether a set threshold limit value for the concentration of BTEX was exceeded with a 0.96 classification accuracy and within a timeframe of 5 min based on the responses of the chemical sensors.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the BTEX Volatiles during 3D Printing with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Using Electronic Nose and Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry

Wojnowski

Kalinowska

Gębicki

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) hit the highest peak at post printing period where 0.5 ppm. The TVOC emissions influenced by the powder cake that has been sintered, and this remarkably indicates the sintered powder during post-printing process will contribute to the increment of TVOC [7], [39]- [42]. Formaldehyde does not show any significant changes during the whole SLS process.…”

Section: Indoor Air Emissionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The laser wavelength is 0.3mm and 0.1mm thickness of powder layer for every rotating roller. Calibration block from the manufacturer [7], [31] with dimension 143mm x 143 mm x 23 mm was set to be print in this study as depicted in Figure 2. The laboratory is set to be 20 °C and relative humidity to be maintained around 60% [32].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The industrial processing of thermoplastics where above 180 °c to 280 °c could lead to various exposure of chemical and aerosol emission [6]. Meanwhile, Jianwei Gu et al in their study revealed that 3D printing emission likely consists of semi-volatile substances where can be found in particles and gas phases during operation of 3D printing [7]. Other electronic devices also may be exposed to variety of chemical and aerosol emission [8]- [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Indoor Air Concentration from Selective Laser Sintering 3D Printer using Virgin Polyamide Nylon (PA12) Powder: A Pilot Study

Damanhuri¹,

Hariri

Alkahari³

et al. 2019

IJIE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Environmental emissions from additive manufacturing (AM) have attracted much attention recently. The capability in fabricating complex part make AM famous in developing prototype and product in various industries, especially in aerospace, medical, automotive, and manufacturing industries. However, the study on emission and exposure mainly focusses on the desktop type such as fused deposition modelling. This study investigates the emission and indoor concentration from powder bed fusion of selective laser sintering (SLS) technologies. Prior to the investigation, virgin PA12 has undergone characterization in terms of morphology, size and thermal analysis. Calibration block using virgin polyamide nylon (PA12) is selected to be printed in this study. Parameters such particulate matter size 2.5 µm (PM 2.5), total volatile organic compound (TVOC), carbon dioxide (CO 2), formaldehyde, temperature and relative humidity (RH) are set to be monitored through real-time sampling of 8 hours based on Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010 by Department Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) Malaysia. Four phases of the printing process involve are background data, preprinting, during printing and post-printing. Based on the study it was found that PM 2.5 and CO 2 exceed the acceptable limit recommended by DOSH Malaysia during the preparation of powder (preprinting) at 1218 ppm and 1070 µg/m 3 respectively. Meanwhile TVOC concentration was influenced by the sintered powder temperature and recorded at 0.5 ppm. Temperature, relative humidity and formaldehyde were maintained throughout the SLS process. Mitigation strategies using mechanical ventilation and personal protective equipment (PPE) are recommended to be used to reduce the potential of occupational hazard to the operators.

show abstract

“…Compared to processes such as casting, forging and machining, workers do not experience long-term exposure to noise and oil mist from metal working [52]. However, 3D printing is being associated with the release of volatile and very volatile organic chemicals and billions of airborne particles per minute with potential for inhalation and consequent health risks [53,54]. Although many industrial 3D printers are enclosed, workers may still be exposed to inhalation risks when retrieving the printed parts.…”

Section: Workforcementioning

confidence: 99%

A Sustainability Assessment of Smart Innovations for Mass Production, Mass Customisation and Direct Digital Manufacturing

Trollman¹,

Trollman²

2020

Mass Production Processes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Smart production innovations are set to revolutionise manufacturing, yet little is known about their impact on sustainability. This chapter focuses on the evaluation of production innovations related to Industry 4.0 that may make products and processes more sustainable or less sustainable based on the application in different production systems. A review of current literature and use of sustainability hierarchies finds that, in the environmental dimension, mass production would benefit most from the introduction of a pull principle whereas for mass customization, machine to machine communication is recommended. The use of augmented reality is indicated as an asset to the sustainability of direct digital manufacturing. Results including the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability are confirmed using value analysis.

show abstract

Characterization of particulate and gaseous pollutants emitted during operation of a desktop 3D printer

Cited by 119 publications

References 25 publications

Monitoring the BTEX Volatiles during 3D Printing with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Using Electronic Nose and Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry

Monitoring the BTEX Volatiles during 3D Printing with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Using Electronic Nose and Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry

Indoor Air Concentration from Selective Laser Sintering 3D Printer using Virgin Polyamide Nylon (PA12) Powder: A Pilot Study

A Sustainability Assessment of Smart Innovations for Mass Production, Mass Customisation and Direct Digital Manufacturing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About