Characterization of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars; colour properties, biochemical contents, antioxidant activity and nutrient contents

Abstract

The olive tree, scientifically known as Olea europaea L., is an evergreen xerophytic tree that defines the natural flora, historical background, and cultural essence of the Mediterranean Basin. This study aimed to establish relationships using multivariate analysis methods between the nutrient content of soil conditions in which olive cultivars grown in Türkiye are cultivated and the nutrient element content, phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, total chlorophyll amount, and leaf colors of these cultivars. All data sets used in the study were analyzed in 2022 and 2023, and average values were used in the research. According to Tukey's comparison result, it was determined that the soil structure of the garden was homogeneous in terms of nutrients it contained. In nutrient analysis conducted on leaves, in the ‘Çelebi’ cultivar, Al (59.25 mg kg−1), B (6.53 mg kg−1), Cu (48.36 mg kg−1), Fe (69.34 mg kg−1), K (1438.11 mg kg−1), Na (197.12 mg kg−1) nutrients are the highest; in the ‘Gemlik-21’ cultivar, Ca (5485.03 mg kg−1) nutrient is the highest; in the ‘Sarı Haşebi’ cultivar, Mg (928.11 mg kg−1), Mn (19.71 mg kg−1), S (632.77 mg kg−1) nutrients are the highest; and in the ‘Tavşan Yüreği’ cultivar, Ni (1.71 mg kg−1), Zn (9.76 mg kg−1) nutrients are the highest. The L* (49.19), b* (29.43) color values are highest in the ‘Sarı Yaprak’ cultivar, while the a* (28.84) value is highest in the ‘Girit Zeytini’ cultivar. The highest leaf chlorophyll content was determined in the ‘Girit Zeytini’ cultivar (95.57). Total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity were determined to be highest in the ‘Manzanilla’ (151.49 mg GAE/100 g), ‘Edincik Su’ (39.01 mg QE/100 g), ‘Nizip Yağlık’ (91.18%) cultivars, respectively. According to the principal component analysis, the first three principal components accounted for 82% of the total variation. The correlation matrix analysis revealed that high levels of certain minerals in the soil led to an increase in the leaves, resulting in positive correlation, while the opposite was true for negative correlation. According to heat map analysis, mineral elements in the leaf were in the same group, while other data sets were in different groups. The data obtained will shed light on future research on similar topics.

Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile

“…These extracts are efficient in combating both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [ 11 , 12 ], as well as fungal strains [ 13 , 14 ]. Biological investigations have shown that olive extracts effectively inhibit enzymes involved in the glucose metabolism, proving its antidiabetic efficacy [ 15 , 16 , 17 ] and potent antioxidant effects [ 18 , 19 ]. Moreover, it displays potent cytotoxic activity, reducing the viability of tumor cells [ 20 , 21 ].…”