Characterization of Oil Fly Ash Particles by Electron Probe Microanalysis

Raeymaekers, B.; Demuynck, M.; Dorrine, W.; Adams, F.

doi:10.1080/03067318808079119

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The coarse carbonaceous spheres are characterised by a porous surface and many internal cavities. This gives the particles a density much lower than would be expected if calculated from their inorganic composition (Gay et al 1984, Raeymaekers et al 1988. For the same reason these particles have a very large surface area (Raask 1981, Del Monte et al 1984.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Environmental records of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from fossil-fuel combustion

Wik

Renberg

1996

J Paleolimnol

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Fossil fuel combustion produces fly-ash particles that are released into the atmosphere and deposited in the environment. A particularly characteristic kind of fly-ash is spheroidal carbonaceous particles. They are composed of an amorphous carbon matrix in which other elements are dispersed. The elemental carbon content makes them very resistant to chemical degradation and these particles can be relatively easily extracted from sediment and soil samples using a method described in this thesis. The distribution of spheroidal carbonaceous particles in lake sediment profiles, surface sediments and forest soils has been studied. Cores from several Swedish lakes have been analysed and, although the lakes are from different parts of the country, consistent trends in the deposition of the carbonaceous particles have been found. The analyses of dated cores show that the carbonaceous particle deposition in the sediments follows the same general pattern as statistics for Swedish coal and oil combustion over the last two centuries. This indicates that the sediment records reflect the history of the atmospheric deposition of particulate pollutants from fossil fuel combustion. Analysis of surface sediment samples provides an integrated picture of the deposition over the preceding few years and can be used to indicate the contemporary geographical pattern of deposition from the atmosphere. Two sets of surface sediment samples (0-1 cm) were analysed. One comprised samples from 66 lakes around Sweden's second largest city, Gothenburg, and showed very high carbonaceous particle concentrations within a distance of 50 to 100 km from the city. The second set comprised surface sediment samples from 114 lakes distributed all over Sweden. This survey of Sweden demonstrated a geographical north-south gradient with more than a hundred times higher particle concentrations in the south than in the north. This distribution is similar to the distribution of other air pollutants (data obtained from a moss survey and an air monitoring program) and suggests that carbonaceous particles in palaeolimnological investigations of air pollution, can be used as tracers for pollutants that are otherwise difficult to determine in lake sediments. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles also accumulate in soils, and forest soil samples can be used for geographical surveys of particle deposition. In Swedish podzol soils the particles mainly accumulate in the thin organic horizon and concentrations in this layer reflect the total deposition since industrialisation, although most will have been deposited during the last few decades. Since the spheroidal carbonaceous particle record in Swedish lake sediments has a characteristic temporal pattern, carbonaceous particle profiles can be used for indirect dating of recent sediment cores. Analyses of multiple sediment cores from three lakes demonstrate that carbonaceous particles can also be used for studies of sediment distribution in lake basins. Results from Gårdsjön indicate that the acidification of the lake changed...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Environmental records of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from fossil-fuel combustion

Wik

Renberg

1996

J Paleolimnol

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“…The instrument is a Jeol Superprobe JXA-733 electron probe X-ray micro-analyser. The particles are analysed using an automated particle analysis program (Raeymaeckers 1986). For each particle, an X-ray spectrum is accumulated during a time interval of 20s using an energy dispersive spectrometer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Investigation of Archaeological Powders From Göltepe (Turkey)*

et al. 1999

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Nine powder samples originating from the archaeometallurgical she in Göltepe, southern central Turkey, have been analysed. Bulk analyses, using X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ruy photoelectron spectroscopy, and single particle analyses, using electron probe X‐ray microanalysis, were carried out. The analyses were focused on determining the inorganic elemental composition of the samples and the distribution of particle types in the nine powder samples. In addition, the powder samples were classified on the basis of their elemental composition using multivariate techniques. The objective of this study was to characterize the powder samples and to establish an association with archaeological data from the site

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“…'Washout', the removal of particulates from the atmosphere by wet deposition, usually occurs 5-100 km from the source, although depending on air currents particles may travel many hundreds of kilome tres before deposition takes place. The majority of particles generated in a coal-or oil-fired power station have diameters within the range 0.05-20 |im (McElroy et al 1982;Raeymaekers et al 1988). Airborne particles with a diameter 1-20 pm have settling velocities which are very low with respect to normal wind speeds (Wark & Warner 1976) and consequently carbonaceous particles are able to be transported long distances in air streams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel-type characterization of carbonaceous fly-ash particles using EDS-derived surface chemistries and its application to particles extracted from lake sediments

1996

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

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Carbonaceous particles produced from the high temperature combustion of fossil fuels are found in high concentrations (e.g. more than 50 000 per gram dry mass, gDM-1) in the upper levels of lake sediment cores taken from regions of high acid deposition. The sediment record of these particles correlates well with the record of acidification as indicated by diatom analysis. The temporal distribution of particle concentrations in sediments follows consistent trends in lakes throughout Europe and has been used for indirect dating purposes. However, more information is available from particles extracted from lake sediments when their fuel-type is known. For example, potential sources of associated airborne pollutants can be determined and additional dates for sediment cores may possibly be obtained.This paper describes the development of a carbonaceous particle characterization for oil and coal fuel-types, using surface chemistries determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (e d s ). A reference dataset was produced using ashes obtained from power stations in the UK and Ireland. Linear discriminant function analysis of the eds generated data produced a discrimination rule which allocated over 95% of the particles to the correct fuel-type under cross-validation.The technique was applied to carbonaceous particles extracted from a 210Pb-dated sediment core taken from a lake in North London. The results showed good agree ment with known combustion history of coal and oil. The spatial distribution of characterized particles was also studied using surface sediments from lakes in Scot land, northern England and Northern Ireland. Above average concentrations of oil particles occurred around Glasgow, the east coast near Aberdeen, and Galloway in the southwest. This suggests that the acidification of lochs in the Galloway area may partly relate to pollutants originating from oil-fired power stations in Northern Ire land. Attempts to use the characterization to identify power station sources was only partially successful. The range of chemistries in the present dataset do not include the full range produced from each individual power station as the fuels burnt at each station vary through time.Particles from peat combustion were included in a principal components analysis and show that the technique could be extended to include other fuel-types. This

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Characterization of Oil Fly Ash Particles by Electron Probe Microanalysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Environmental records of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from fossil-fuel combustion

Environmental records of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from fossil-fuel combustion

Analytical Investigation of Archaeological Powders From Göltepe (Turkey)*

Fuel-type characterization of carbonaceous fly-ash particles using EDS-derived surface chemistries and its application to particles extracted from lake sediments

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