Characterization of norovirus strains in Australian children from 2006 to 2008: Prevalence of recombinant strains

Mahar, Jackie E.; Kirkwood, Carl D.

doi:10.1002/jmv.22215

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…A single study conducted in the United States on norovirus strains collected in the 1970s showed that norovirus strains possessing a GII.3 VP1 gene and ancestral RdRp gene were the most prevalent genotype circulating in children at that time (22). Genotype GII.3/GII.3 (capsid/RdRp) noroviruses were prevalent in children globally from the late 1980s to the late 1990s (22,23,26,27) before being succeeded by GII.3/GII.b recombinant strains, which were a major cause of pediatric disease worldwide from 2000 to 2009 (29,30,33,34,37,54). In contrast, GII.3/GII.a recombinant strains were not as prevalent, causing isolated outbreaks and sporadic disease in Australia, Argentina, and Japan during 1998 and 2002 (55)(56)(57).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recombinant strains have been widely reported in recent years, and a number of novel RdRp genotypes which have no corresponding capsid genotype, such as GII.a and GII.b, have been identified (32). Recombinant strains are frequently detected in children, particularly strains with a GII.3 capsid gene and GII.b RdRp gene (29,31,33,34).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, GII.3 VP1 evolutionary analyses. The six strains for which the complete VP1 sequence was determined in this study had previously been genotyped in the RdRp region through sequence analyses (33), except for strain 537/547/VP1/2010/AU. Unpublished RdRp sequence data were available for this strain (537/547/VP1/2010/AU) (33) (22).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The six strains for which the complete VP1 sequence was determined in this study had previously been genotyped in the RdRp region through sequence analyses (33), except for strain 537/547/VP1/2010/AU. Unpublished RdRp sequence data were available for this strain (537/547/VP1/2010/AU) (33) (22). For these strains and the strains for which the GII.3 VP1 sequences were obtained from GenBank, the RdRp genotype was determined via multiple phylogenetic analyses of corresponding RdRp sequences using MEGA v5 and confirmed using the norovirus genotyping tool (41).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Importance of Intergenic Recombination in Norovirus GII.3 Evolution

Mahar

Bok

Green

et al. 2013

J Virol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The Importance of Intergenic Recombination in Norovirus GII.3 Evolution

Mahar

Bok

Green

et al. 2013

J Virol

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“…Genotype II.3 (GII.3) is a common cause of sporadic pediatric infections (10)(11)(12)(13), and 70% of children show evidence of GII.3 infection by 2 years of age (14). In sporadic infections in infants and young children, GII.3 strains often predominate, and they were particularly prevalent throughout the late 1970s, late 1980s (10), and early 1990s (15,16) and in the early and late 2000s (13,(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of Antibody-Binding Epitopes on the Norovirus GII.3 Capsid

Mahar¹,

Donker²,

Bok³

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Genotype II.3 (GII.3) noroviruses are a major cause of sporadic gastroenteritis, particularly in children. The greater incidence of GII.3 noroviruses in the pediatric population compared to the adult demographic suggests development of herd immunity to this genotype, possibly as a consequence of limited evolution of immune epitopes. This study aimed to identify and characterize immune epitopes on the GII.3 capsid protein and to determine the level of immune cross-reactivity within the genotype. A panel of seven GII.3 virus-like particles (VLPs), representing norovirus strains isolated during 1975 to 2008, was tested by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for reactivity with human sera and a rabbit anti-GII.3 strain-specific polyclonal serum generated against the 2008 GII.3 VLP. Immunoprecipitation of protease-digested GII.3 VLPs and sequencing of bound peptides via mass spectrometry were used to locate epitopes on the capsid. Two epitopes were investigated further using Mimotopes technology. Serum binding studies demonstrated complete intragenotype GII.3 cross-reactivity using both human and rabbit serum. Six immunoreactive regions containing epitopes were located on the GII.3 capsid protein, two within each capsid domain. Epitopes in the S and P1 domains were highly conserved within GII.3 noroviruses. P2 domain epitopes were variable and contained evolutionarily important residues and histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding residues. In conclusion, anti-GII.3 antibody-binding epitopes are highly cross-reactive and mostly conserved within GII.3 strains. This may account for the limited GII.3 prevalence in adults and suggests that a GII.3 strain may be a valuable inclusion in a multivalent pediatric targeted VLP vaccine. Exploration of norovirus immune epitopes is vital for effective vaccine design. IMPORTANCEThis study represents an important contribution to the understanding of norovirus immunology in a pediatric genotype. The high cross-reactivity and conservation of GII.3 epitopes suggest development of herd immunity against GII.3 and indicate that a GII.3 strain would be a valuable inclusion in a pediatric targeted multivalent vaccine. Immunological understanding of pediatric norovirus strains is important since norovirus vaccines will likely target high-risk groups such as the pediatric population.

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Norovirus infection in children admitted to hospital for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Pará, Northern Brazil

Siqueira¹,

Linhares²,

Carvalho³

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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Noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic, non-bacterial outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, and are also a major cause of sporadic acute gastroenteritis in infants. The aim of the present study was to identify norovirus infections in children not infected by rotavirus admitted to hospital for acute gastroenteritis in Belém. A total of 348 fecal specimens were obtained from children with diarrhea aged less than 5 years, all of whom had tested negative for rotavirus, between May 2008 and April 2010. Fecal samples were screened for norovirus antigen using enzyme-immunoassay (EIA). Specimens were subjected to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the primers Mon432/434-Mon431/433 for detection of the GI and GII norovirus strains, respectively. Based on both methods, the overall norovirus positivity rate was 36.5% (127/348). Of the 169 samples collected in the first year, 44.4% (n = 75) tested positive for norovirus using both methods, 35.5% (n = 60) by EIA and 40.8% (n = 69) by RT-PCR. Using RT-PCR as a reference standard, a sensitivity of 78.3%, specificity of 94%, and agreement of 87.6% were recorded. Genome sequencing was obtained for 22 (31.9%) of the 69 positive samples, of which 90.9% (20/22) were genotype GII.4d and 9.1% (2/22) were genotype GII.b. Norovirus infection was most frequent in children under 2 years of age (41.5%-115/277). The peak incidence (62.1%) of norovirus-related acute gastroenteritis in these patients (not infected by rotavirus) was observed in February 2010. These findings emphasize the importance of norovirus as a cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children in Belém, Pará, Northern Brazil.

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Characterization of norovirus strains in Australian children from 2006 to 2008: Prevalence of recombinant strains

Cited by 36 publications

References 47 publications

The Importance of Intergenic Recombination in Norovirus GII.3 Evolution

The Importance of Intergenic Recombination in Norovirus GII.3 Evolution

Identification and Characterization of Antibody-Binding Epitopes on the Norovirus GII.3 Capsid

Norovirus infection in children admitted to hospital for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Pará, Northern Brazil

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