“…The effects of TMs on the structure and properties of birnessites and the crystal chemistry characteristics of these TMs in birnessite structures are strongly dependent on the birnessite layer composition and ion types of the TMs (Peacock and Sherman, 2007b;Yin et al, 2012Yin et al, , 2013Manceau et al, 2014). When adsorbed on hexagonal birnessite, Co 2+ is quickly oxidized to Co 3+ and most Co 3+ migrates into the layers (Co E ), with the remaining portion adsorbed on vacancies as triple corner-sharing complexes (Co TC ) Yu et al, 2012;Kwon et al, 2013).…”