Characterization of modified rice straw biochar in immobilizing Bacillus subtilis 168 and evaluation on its role as a novel agent for zearalenone-removal delivery

Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals and Radionuclides and Related Bioremediation Techniques: A Review

“…Based on cellular metabolism, biosorption mechanisms can be classified into independent and dependent mechanisms. Based on the location of biosorption, the following are distinguished [116][117][118][119][120][121]: (i) intracellular accumulation, (ii) extracellular accumulation and deposition, and (iii) cell surface sorption and deposition. The mechanisms belonging to the first two groups depend on metabolism and are caused by the processes of complexation, precipitation, and ion exchange; and the last group of mechanisms are also adsorption (physical and chemisorption).…”

“…This problem is partially solved by immobilising microorganisms in a solid inert carrier, such as biochar, zeolites, and vermiculite, or by including them in an alginate gel. In this case, it becomes possible to apply a dynamic sorption process, the so-called "column variant" [118][119][120][121]. However, the sorption capacity of the biosorbent decreases significantly in comparison to static biosorption.…”