Characterization of milk and soy phospholipid liposomes and inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Abstract

Because of the differing composition between milk and soy phospholipids, they may influence human health differently. We present a method to assess the biological activities of these unique sources of phospholipids using mammalian cell culture. In doing so, we standardized a procedure to generate liposomes with similar physicochemical properties (i.e., particle size and zeta potential), despite their inherent differences in composition. Our data suggest that milk and soy phospholipid liposomes may have differing effects on mammalian cell physiology and potentially human health. Highlights• Biological activities of phospholipids in mammalian cells were measured using an objective method.• We present a standardized, reproducible procedure to prepare liposomes from phospholipids.• This method shows how to measure and evaluate liposomes from different sources of phospholipids.• This work assesses the viability and toxicity of different sources of phospholipids and demonstrates a measurable physiological reaction to lipid stimuli.

Characterization and Cellular Uptake of Peptides Derived from In Vitro Digestion of Meat Analogues Produced by a Sustainable Extrusion Process

“…The absorbance was recorded at 570 and 630 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer system (accuSkan GO, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). 25 The results were presented as a percentage of the negative control values.…”

“…The cycle threshold (Ct) values were calculated and normalized using the β-actin gene as a reference; the results were expressed using the ΔΔCq method. 25 Transport Study. After 21 days of culture, Caco-2 cells were fully grown and differentiated, and they were present in the form of a monolayer.…”

“…After incubating at 37 °C for 3 h, the MTT solution was removed and 10% DMSO was added, mixed, and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. The absorbance was recorded at 570 and 630 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer system (accuSkan GO, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) . The results were presented as a percentage of the negative control values.…”

“…The reaction was performed via a CFX96 real-time PCR system (Bio-Rad, USA). The cycle threshold (Ct) values were calculated and normalized using the β-actin gene as a reference; the results were expressed using the ΔΔCq method …”