“…In such cases, a temporal framework may help to distinguish between species and populations within species ( Leavitt et al, 2016a ). Although the use of microsatellites has become popular in population studies of lichen-forming fungi (e.g., Lindgren et al, 2016 ), next-generation sequencing [NGS] technologies have been shown to produce higher amounts of information across the whole genome to be used in population studies of lichen-forming fungi ( Divakar and Crespo, 2015 ;Werth et al, 2015 ;Dal Grande et al, 2017 ). Genotyping by sequencing methods ( Narum et al, 2013 ;Andrews et al, 2016 ), including restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq; Baird et al, 2008 ), represent cost-eff ective means that allow a more accurate approach to delve into population structure, including questions on the stochasticity of lineage sorting, the genetic footprint of the founder eff ect, and the eff ects of natural selection and genetic drift on isolated populations ( Jeff ery et al, 2017 ;Narum et al, 2017 ).…”