Characterization of microelectrode arrays by means of electrochemical and surface analysis methods

Microfabricated Ultramicroelectrode Arrays: Developments, Advances, and Applications in Environmental Analysis

“…Wittkampf et al [26] presented surface analyses of UMEAs by TOF-MS, SIMS, SEM, and STM and demonstrated the utility of these techniques in assessing the quality of UMEAs. With the TOF-SIM, they found trace silver from the on-chip Ag=AgCl reference and aluminum due to inadequate removal of the adhesion layer.…”

“…The effective surface area in comparison to geometric area was expected to be larger due to surface features seen under high magni®cation. The increased surface area was attributed to the roughness caused by the nanocrystallites, the large grain sizes and boundaries, and the cavity between the platinum microelectrode and the insulating layers [26]. Although this may seem to be an extreme case, it clearly demonstrates the necessity of using sensitive surface techniques to ®nd imperfections which can cause irreproducibility in the electrochemical behavior of the array.…”

A novel microelectrode array combining screen-printing and femtosecond laser ablation technologies: Development, characterization and application to cadmium detection

“…If the use of microelectrodes shows a lot of advantageous properties, the very low currents recorded can be problematic and emphasize the need of a very sensitive equipment and a correct electrical isolation of the experimental device [5][6][7]. In the last decade, microelectrode arrays have been consequently developed in order to obtain higher current output compared to a single microelectrode [8][9][10].…”

Electrochemical Sensor Arrays

“…The most suitable techniques for characterization and evaluation of microsensor arrays are surface analysis techniques. 115,116 For microelectrode arrays based on a combination of screen printing and laser ablation, scanning electrochemical microscopy provides a straightforward test demonstrated that all array elements participate in the heterogeneous redox reaction.…”