Characterization of microbial mutagens in complex samples—methodology and application

Alfheim, Ingrid; Bjørseth, Alf; Møller, Mona; Fisher, Gerald L.

doi:10.1080/10643388409381715

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 153 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…Many directly mutagenic mono-and dinitro-PAH derivatives have been identified in extracts of primary combustion-generated particles collected from diesel soot (108)(109)(110)(111)(112)151), automobile exhaust {154), coal fly ash {155), and wood smoke {116, 127,128), and in respirable particles collected from polluted ambient air (126,128,147,149,150,(156)(157)(158)(159). Certain of these, such as 1-nitropyrene and 3-nitrofluoranthene and several dinitropyrenes, are strong direct mutagens [for reviews see (107,(148)(149)(150)(157)(158)(159)(160)(161)].…”

Section: Respirable Mutagens Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropospheric Air Pollution: Ozone, Airborne Toxics, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Particles

Finlayson-Pitts

Pitts

1997

Science

1,023

606

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Tropospheric air pollution has impacts on scales ranging from local to global. Reactive intermediates in the oxidation of mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) play central roles: the hydroxyl radical (OH), during the day; the nitrate radical (NO3), at night; and ozone (O3), which contributes during the day and night. Halogen atoms can also play a role during the day. Here the implications of the complex VOC-NOx chemistry for O3 control are discussed. In addition, OH, NO3, and O3 are shown to play a central role in the formation and fate of airborne toxic chemicals, mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fine particles.

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Section: Respirable Mutagens Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropospheric Air Pollution: Ozone, Airborne Toxics, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Particles

Finlayson-Pitts

Pitts

1997

Science

1,023

606

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“…Further developments in HPLC, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) (22), and mutagenicity testing (23) have contributed to a much finer tuning of this combined chemical and biological approach to the characterization of mutagens in environmental samples. HPLC can generate scores of fractions, each of which is tested for mutagenicity.…”

Section: Level 2 Fractionationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioassay-directed chemical analysis in environmental research

Schuetzle¹,

Lewtas²

1986

Anal. Chem.

154

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Reseachof specific chemical compounds that can produce human health or ecological effects is a major research objective in environmental and health sciences. The impact of environmental pollution on human health, including mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, is a primary concern.Cancer is a generic term for various neoplastic diseases that can occur many years after exposure to a carcinogenic substance. The best means of eliminating cancer is to define precisely the nature of the carcinogenic chemical, mixture of chemicals, or enhancing factors in the environment that produce the cancer (1). Bioassay studies in the early 1960s showed that environmental mixtures such as cigarette smoke and ambient air particulates can cause cancer in animals. Extensive studies were undertaken to determine the chemical components that could be responsible for such an effect. It was found that Report

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“…Such genetic damage has been linked to heritable genetic disorders and cancer [Metcalfe et al, 1990;Couch and Harshbarger, 1985;McBee et al, 19871. Detailed chemical analysis is limited in its ability to predict the toxicity of complex mixtures [Brouwer et al, 1990;Samoiloff et al, 1983;Houk, 19921. In addition, the toxicity of unaltered effluents or organic extracts can rarely be accounted for by the concentration of identified toxicants [Ellis et al, 19821. An alternative approach involves the fractionation of complex extracts into chemically distinct mixtures, each of which can subsequently be examined for toxicity [Lewtas, 1988;Alfheim et al, 1984;Houk, 19921. This type of bioassay-directed fractionation has been used to determine the chemical nature of mutagens and genotoxins in a wide variety of industrial and municipal waste waters [Somani et al, 1980;Meier et al, 1987;Epler et al, 1978;Donnelly et al, 19831. The bioassay that is frequently used to assess the genotoxicity of industrial waste samples is the Salmonella/ mammalian microsome assay or Ames test [Maron and Ames, 1983;Houk, 19921.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the presence, potency, and potential hazard of genotoxins extracted from a broad range of industrial effluents

White

Rasmussen

Blaise

1996

Environ. Mol. Mutagen.

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We examined the genotoxicity of dichloromethane extracts from 50 final effluent samples collected from 42 industries, including pulp and paper, chemical manufacturing, metal refining, metal surface treatment, and municipal waste water treatment. Effluents were initially fractionated into dissolved substances, and substances adsorbed to suspended particulate matter. Acid/base partitioning was used to further fractionate aqueous extracts. Genotoxicity was measured using the SOS Chromotest. Genotoxicity of extracts was found to be related to sample type, industry type, metabolic activation status, and extract fluorescence (380 nm excitation, 430 nm emission). S9 metabolic activation reduced genotoxic potency in over 90% of the extracts examined. Expression of potency values per equivalent unit of original sample revealed that effluent particulate matter is, on average, almost four orders of magnitude more potent than aqueous filtrates. Suspended particulate matter from organic and inorganic chemical production, petroleum and metal refining, and from metal surface treatment facilities, provided extracts that were significantly more genotoxic than those from sewage treatment and pulp and paper facilities. Aqueous filtrates from inorganic and organic chemical production, metal refining, and surface treatment facilities were significantly more genotoxic than those emitted by aluminum and petroleum refineries. Overall, the results suggest that pulp and paper mills emit mostly soluble genotoxins, while petroleum and aluminum refineries emit predominantly particle‐associated genotoxins. Although some extracts elicited a strong SOS response, the potency of the extractable residues was low when compared to highly potent pure substances such as benzo(a)pyrene. On average, a mg of dichloromethane‐extractable residue has an SOS genotoxicity equivalent to 0.1–1.0 μg of benzo(a)‐pyrene. Predicted Ames mutagenic potency values corresponded reasonably well with industrial waste mutagenic potency values published by other researchers. Genotoxic loading values were calculated to quantify the total daily genotoxic emission and potential hazard of each industry. Highest loadings were from sewage treatment, pulp and paper, and metal refining facilities. Highest loading values were the SOS genotoxic equivalent of over 30 kg of benzo(a)pyrene per day. The ultimate hazard of genotoxic emissions is not known. Actual hazard assessment is complicated by a poor understanding of the postemission behavior of genotoxins. Exposure of downstream biota is likely substantial. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Characterization of microbial mutagens in complex samples—methodology and application

Cited by 16 publications

References 153 publications

Tropospheric Air Pollution: Ozone, Airborne Toxics, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Particles

Tropospheric Air Pollution: Ozone, Airborne Toxics, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Particles

Bioassay-directed chemical analysis in environmental research

Comparing the presence, potency, and potential hazard of genotoxins extracted from a broad range of industrial effluents

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