Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to study the bacterial diversity of traditional fermented sausages from four typical regions of China (Chengdu, Shenzhen, Changsha and Harbin) and to further evaluate their microbiological safety. Methods and Results: The diversity of the microbiota of the sausages was studied using the Illumina HiSeq platform. The results showed that compared with the highest diversity of fermented bacteria in Guangdong, the bacterial diversity of fermented sausage was the lowest in Sichuan. The percentage of dominant phylum (Firmicutes, Cyanophyta, Proteobacter) were 78Á39, 13Á13 and 7Á14% in SC, 35Á47, 30Á36 and 28Á04% in GD, 54Á81, 28Á91 and 14Á00% in HN, 20Á20, 58Á16 and 17Á31% in HB respectively. The main genus distribution of fermented sausages in different regions is varied, but lactic acid bacteria and cyanobacteria are generally the main ones. Traditional fermented sausages using natural fermentation methods have poor microbiological safety, and pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms such as Acinetobacter, Brochothrix and Pseudomonas have been detected in all four regions. Conclusions: The results in this paper provide a microbiota profile of four typical fermented sausages in China. There is a big difference in the microbiota of sausages in different regions, and the good flavour of traditional Chinese fermented sausage is related closely with the abundant microbial resources, however, the natural fermentation method also expose to the product security threats, including spoilage, pathogenic microorganisms and biogenic amines, etc. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results would offer guidance for industrial fermented sausage production with certain flavour and also improve the microbial resource utilization, and contribute to the control of harmful microorganisms in traditional fermented sausage.