Characterization of Metabolites in Plasma, Urine and Feces of Healthy Participants after Taking Brahmi Essence for Twelve Weeks Using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS Metabolomic Approach

Abstract

Brahmi essence, developed from Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. standardized extract and mulberry juice, was proven to improve the memory speed of healthy participants aged 55–80 years old, following a 12-week dietary program. However, the metabolites have not yet been reported. Our objective was to characterize the altered metabolites in the plasma, urine, and feces of healthy volunteers after consumption of Brahmi essence for 12 weeks, using the LC-MS metabolomics approach. The altered metabolites were selected from OPLS-DA S-plots; 15 metabolites in the plasma, 7 in the urine, and 17 in the feces samples were tentatively identified by comparison with an online database and literature. The metabolites in the plasma samples were in the classes of amino acids, acylcarnitine, and phospholipids. Benzeneactamide-4-O-sulphate and 3-hydroxyhippuric acid were found in urine samples. The metabolites in the class of amino acids, together with jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin, were identified in the fecal samples. The aminoacyl-tRNA, aromatic amino acids, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathways were mainly related to the identified metabolites in all three samples. It could be implied that those metabolites and their pathways might be linked with the effect of Brahmi essence on memory speed.

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“…The entire plant is used as a brain and nervous system booster to treat psychological disorders and skin problems. The leaf juice is applied to inflamed areas and serves as a lotion to treat rheumatism [40,59,79,80].…”

“…Furthermore, the study did not show sample calculation or clearly demonstrate demographic data. These biases can interfere with the interpretation of the results [59].…”

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“…In addition to the abovementioned biological samples, bioinformatic analysis also utilizes other samples including plasma, urine, feces, gut microbiome, mucus, saliva, and sputum to study metabolic changes of metabolites [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. One study has shown that gut microbiome samples can be isolated and quantified using sequencing to study MS [ 60 ].…”

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“…The contents of aqueous extract of PTP water were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-offlight mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The analysis conditions were detailed previously [37]. Briefly, separation used an Agilent 1260 Infinity Series HPLC System (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) with a Luna C-18 (2) column, 4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm (Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA, USA) at 35 • C. The mobile phase was water (A) and acetonitrile (B), both with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid for ionization enhancement.…”