Characterization of mating-type idiomorphs suggests that Morchella importuna, Mel-20 and M. sextelata are heterothallic

Chai, Hongmei; Chen, Lijiao; Chen, Weimin; Zhao, Qi; Zhang, Xiaolei; Su, Kai-Mei; Zhao, Yongchang

doi:10.1007/s11557-017-1309-x

Cited by 26 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Apart from the release of some framework maps in public databases, such as the Joint Genome Institute (JGI) 1000 Genome Project concerning the two sets of Morchella ( Morchella conia and Morchella importuna ) and one Gyromitra esculenta strain, no in-depth analysis was carried out into the genome data. Chai et al (2017) studied and published the mating type of M. importuna , Mel-15, and Mel-21 using genomic sequencing, but failed to provide detailed genomic information [ 27 ]. For Pezizales, 15 framework maps were released in JGI public databases (update 20180403, ), and the detailed genomic information of Pyronema omphalodes and Tuber melanosporum, belonging to Pezizaceae and Tuberaceae, respectively, were published and analyzed in depth [ 1 ] [ 35 ] ( Figure S2 and Table S11 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For Pezizales, 15 framework maps were released in JGI public databases (update 20180403, ), and the detailed genomic information of Pyronema omphalodes and Tuber melanosporum, belonging to Pezizaceae and Tuberaceae, respectively, were published and analyzed in depth [ 1 ] [ 35 ] ( Figure S2 and Table S11 ). Recent cytological and molecular evidence suggests that the ascospore of M. importuna is homokaryon, with each containing one mating-type gene MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 [ 4 , 27 ]. In order to obtain the complete genome information of M. importuna , two single spores M04M24 and M04M26 with a different mating type were separated from a mature ascocarp for deep genome sequencing analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early Morchella research focused on the types of nutrition [ 14 , 15 ], physiological metabolism [ 16 , 17 ], development [ 11 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], nutritional value [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], and population genetics [ 25 ]. In recent years, researchers paid more attention to the classification and genetic field [ 3 , 4 , 26 , 27 ]. The complete life cycle of morel could not be accomplished under laboratory conditions, which is the main difficulty in solving many genetic problems about morel [ 3 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multigenic phylogeny is widely used in the classification of Morchella spp., and until now, there are about 69 phylogenetic species of Morchella sp., mainly in the north temperate zone, including Europe, Asia, and North America [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. In recent years, some progress was achieved in the research on primordium development, aging, sclerotium development, and mating type of Morchella [ 4 , 26 , 27 ]. Under the controlled laboratory conditions, Masaphy S. (2005) examined the external morphological changes during initiation and early stages of fruit-body development of a Morchella sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specific genes were studied during the development of sclerotia, and their development involves the processes of autophagy, apoptosis, and energy accumulation as oil droplets [ 12 ]. Previous studies provided cytological and molecular biological evidence for characteristics of the homokaryon of monospores of Morchella importuna , as well as population genetic evidence for heterothallic characteristics of the ascocarp of morel; however, there is no direct evidence for hybridization fruiting [ 4 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opposite Polarity Monospore Genome De Novo Sequencing and Comparative Analysis Reveal the Possible Heterothallic Life Cycle of Morchella importuna

Liu

Chen

Cai

et al. 2018

IJMS

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Morchella is a popular edible fungus worldwide due to its rich nutrition and unique flavor. Many research efforts were made on the domestication and cultivation of Morchella all over the world. In recent years, the cultivation of Morchella was successfully commercialized in China. However, the biology is not well understood, which restricts the further development of the morel fungus cultivation industry. In this paper, we performed de novo sequencing and assembly of the genomes of two monospores with a different mating type (M04M24 and M04M26) isolated from the commercially cultivated strain M04. Gene annotation and comparative genome analysis were performed to study differences in CAZyme (Carbohydrate-active enzyme) enzyme content, transcription factors, duplicated sequences, structure of mating type sites, and differences at the gene and functional levels between the two monospore strains of M. importuna. Results showed that the de novo assembled haploid M04M24 and M04M26 genomes were 48.98 and 51.07 Mb, respectively. A complete fine physical map of M. importuna was obtained from genome coverage and gene completeness evaluation. A total of 10,852 and 10,902 common genes and 667 and 868 endemic genes were identified from the two monospore strains, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) and KAAS (KEGG Automatic Annotation Serve) enrichment analyses showed that the endemic genes performed different functions. The two monospore strains had 99.22% collinearity with each other, accompanied with certain position and rearrangement events. Analysis of complete mating-type loci revealed that the two monospore M. importuna strains contained an independent mating-type structure and remained conserved in sequence and location. The phylogenetic and divergence time of M. importuna was analyzed at the whole-genome level for the first time. The bifurcation time of morel and tuber was estimated to be 201.14 million years ago (Mya); the two monospore strains with a different mating type represented the evolution of different nuclei, and the single copy homologous genes between them were also different due to a genetic differentiation distance about 0.65 Mya. Compared with truffles, M. importuna had an extension of 28 clusters of orthologous genes (COGs) and a contraction of two COGs. The two different polar nuclei with different degrees of contraction and expansion suggested that they might have undergone different evolutionary processes. The different mating-type structures, together with the functional clustering and enrichment analysis results of the endemic genes of the two different polar nuclei, imply that M. importuna might be a heterothallic fungus and the interaction between the endemic genes may be necessary for its complete life history. Studies on the genome of M. importuna facilitate a better understanding of morel biology and evolution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%