Characterization of Major and Minor Organic Pollutants in Wastewaters from Coal Gasification Processes

Giabbai, M.; Cross, W.H.; Chian, Edward S. K.; DeWalle, Foppe B.

doi:10.1080/03067318508077050

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The Schmidt degradation showed that 98 + 1.6% of the label recovered from this acetate came from the methyl carbon. This was consistent with the results published earlier (24), which showed that the majority of the methyl carbon of [methyl-14C]m-cresol was recovered as 14 The culture was incubated for 4 days before analysis with mobile phase 1. The percentages of the total radioactivity injected onto the HPLC column are given for the major peaks.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Smolenski and Suflita (27) observed that m-cresol was degraded more readily under sulfate-reducing conditions than it was under methanogenic conditions. m-Cresol is one of the most abundant phenols in industrial wastewaters and comes from hydrocarbon processing and coal conversion processes such as coking, gasification, and liquefaction (9,14,22). Laboratory-scale, methanogenic systems have removed phenols quite successfully from some of these wastewaters (5,9,29), and the anaerobic process has been suggested as a method to treat these high-strength wastewaters.…”

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confidence: 99%

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CO ₂ Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during Anaerobic Metabolism of m -Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium

Roberts

Fedorak

Hrudey

1990

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The metabolism of m-cresol by methanogenic cultures enriched from domestic sewage sludge was investigated. In the initial studies, bromoethanesulfonic acid was used to inhibit methane production. This led to the accumulation of 4.0 ± 0.8 mol of acetate per mol of m-cresol metabolized. These results suggested that CO2 incorporation occurred because each molecule of m-cresol contained seven carbon atoms, whereas four molecules of acetate product contained a total of eight carbon atoms. To verify this, ['4C]bicarbonate was added to bromoethanesulfonic acid-inhibited cultures, and those cultures yielded [14C]acetate. Of the label recovered as acetate, 89% was found in the carboxyl position. Similar cultures fed [methyl-'4C]m-cresol yielded methyl-labeled acetate. A 14C-labeled transient intermediate was detected in cultures given either m-cresol and [14C]bicarbonate or bicarbonate and [methyl-14C]m-cresol. The intermediate was identified as 4-hydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid. In addition, another metabolite was detected and identified as 2-methylbenzoic acid. This compound appeared to be produced only sporadically, and it accumulated in the medium, suggesting that the dehydroxylation of 4-hydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid led to an apparent dead-end product.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

CO ₂ Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during Anaerobic Metabolism of m -Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium

Roberts

Fedorak

Hrudey

1990

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Phenols are the dominant organic contaminants in wastewater from coal conversion and coal coking processes and they generally comprise 40-80% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) (Giabbai et al 1985). Phenolic compounds in the wastewater stream mainly come from oil refineries, coal conversion plants, petrochemicals, polymeric resins, coal tar distillation, pharmaceuticals, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined electrochemical degradation and activated carbon adsorption treatments for wastewater containing mixed phenolic compounds

Rajkumar¹,

Palanivelu²,

Balasubramanian³

2005

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

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Electrochemical degradation of mixed phenolic compounds present in coal conversion wastewater was investigated in the presence of chloride as supporting electrolyte. Initially, the degradation experiments were conducted separately with 300 mg/L of individual phenolic compound in the presence of 2500 mg/L chloride using Ti/TiO 2 -RuO 2 -IrO 2 anode at 5.4 A/dm 2 current density. Comparison of the experimental results of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal versus charge indicated that the order of decreasing COD removal for various phenolic compounds as catechol > resorcinol > m-cresol > o-cresol > phenol > p-cresol. Degradation of the mixture of phenolic compounds and highpressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) determinations at various stages of electrolysis showed that phenolic compounds were initially converted into benzoquinone and then to lower molecular weight aliphatic compounds. The COD and the total organic carbon (TOC) removal were 83 and 58.9% after passing 32 Ah/L with energy consumption of 191.6 kWh/kg of COD removal. Experiments were also conducted to remove adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) content in the treated solution using granular activated carbon. The optimum conditions for the removal of AOX was at pH 3.0, 5 mL/min flow rate and 31.2 cm bed height. Based on the investigation, a general scheme of treatment of mixed phenolic compounds by combined electrochemical and activated carbon adsorption treatment is proposed.Résumé : La dégradation électrochimique des composés phénoliques mixtes présents dans les eaux usées de conversion du charbon a été étudiée en présence de chlorure comme électrolyte support. Au début, les expériences de dégradation étaient effectuées séparément avec 300 mg/L de composés phénolique individuels en présence de 2500 mg/L de chlorure en utilisant une anode en Ti/TiO 2 -RuO 2 -IrO 2 à une densité de courant de 5,4 A/dm 2 . La comparaison des résultats expérimentaux de l'élimination de la DCO par rapport à la charge a indiqué que l'ordre de l'élimination décroissant de la DCO pour les divers composés phénoliques était catéchol > résorcinol > m-crésol > o-crésol > phénol > p-crésol. La dégradation du mélange de composés phénoliques et les déterminations par CLHP à diverses étapes de l'électrolyse ont montré que les composés phénoliques étaient au départ convertis en benzoquinone, puis en des composés aliphatiques de poids moléculaire moindre. L'élimination de la DCO et du COT était de 83 % et de 58,9 % après avoir passé 32 Ah/L avec une consommation d'énergie de 191,6 kWh/kg de DCO éliminée. Des expériences ont également été effectuées afin d'éliminer le contenu en composés organiques halogénés adsorbables (COHA) dans la solution traitée en utilisant du carbone granulaire actif. Un pH de 3,0, un débit de 0,5 mL/min et une hauteur de lit de 31,2 cm constituaient les conditions optimales pour l'élimination des COHA. Un schéma général de traitement des composés phénoliques mixtes grâce à une combinaison de traitement électrochimique et d'adsorption sur carbone actif est pro...

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“…Cresols represent high-production-volume chemicals, with worldwide annual production exceeding 470 kilotonnes (kt) (1), and are used for the industrial production of a wide variety of commodities (e.g., pesticides and plasticizers) (2). Moreover, because alkylphenols are constituents of crude oil and coal tars, they are released in large amounts through coal gasification and refineries (3)(4)(5)(6). Alkylphenols have been detected in the micro-to nanomolar range in a variety of environmental settings, ranging from landfills to groundwater in and around industrial sites (7)(8)(9)(10).…”

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Nanomolar Responsiveness of an Anaerobic Degradation Specialist to Alkylphenol Pollutants

et al. 2020

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Anaerobic degradation of p-cresol (4-methylphenol) by the denitrifying betaproteobacterium Aromatoleum aromaticum EbN1 is regulated with high substrate specificity, presumed to be mediated by the predicted σ54-dependent two-component system PcrSR. An unmarked, in-frame ΔpcrSR deletion mutant showed reduced expression of the genes cmh (21-fold) and hbd (8-fold) that encode the two enzymes for initial oxidation of p-cresol to p-hydroxybenzoate compared to their expression in the wild type. The expression of cmh and hbd was restored by in trans complementation with pcrSR in the ΔpcrSR background to even higher levels than in the wild type. This is likely due to ∼200-/∼30-fold more transcripts of pcrSR in the complemented mutant. The in vivo responsiveness of A. aromaticum EbN1 to p-cresol was studied in benzoate-limited anaerobic cultures by the addition of p-cresol at various concentrations (from 100 μM down to 0.1 nM). Time-resolved transcript profiling by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the lowest p-cresol concentrations just affording cmh and hbd expression (response threshold) ranged between 1 and 10 nM, which is even more sensitive than the respective odor receptors of insects. A similar response threshold was determined for another alkylphenol, p-ethylphenol, which strain EbN1 anaerobically degrades via a different route and senses by the σ54-dependent one-component system EtpR. Based on these data and theoretical considerations, p-cresol or p-ethylphenol added as a single pulse (10 nM) requires less than a fraction of a second to reach equilibrium between intra- and extracellular space (∼20 molecules per cell), with an estimated Kd (dissociation constant) of <100 nM alkylphenol (p-cresol or p-ethylphenol) for its respective sensory protein (PcrS or EtpR). IMPORTANCE Alkylphenols (like p-cresol and p-ethylphenol) represent bulk chemicals for industrial syntheses. Besides massive local damage events, large-scale micropollution is likewise of environmental and health concern. Next to understanding how such pollutants can be degraded by microorganisms, it is also relevant to determine the microorganisms’ lower threshold of responsiveness. Aromatoleum aromaticum EbN1 is a specialist in anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds, employing a complex and substrate-specifically regulated catabolic network. The present study aims at verifying the predicted role of the PcrSR system in sensing p-cresol and at determining the threshold of responsiveness for alkylphenols. The findings have implications for the enigmatic persistence of dissolved organic matter (escape from biodegradation) and for the lower limits of aromatic compounds required for bacterial growth.

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Characterization of Major and Minor Organic Pollutants in Wastewaters from Coal Gasification Processes

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

CO ₂ Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during Anaerobic Metabolism of m -Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium

CO ₂ Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during Anaerobic Metabolism of m -Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium

Combined electrochemical degradation and activated carbon adsorption treatments for wastewater containing mixed phenolic compounds

Nanomolar Responsiveness of an Anaerobic Degradation Specialist to Alkylphenol Pollutants

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Characterization of Major and Minor Organic Pollutants in Wastewaters from Coal Gasification Processes

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

CO 2 Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during Anaerobic Metabolism of m -Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium

CO 2 Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during Anaerobic Metabolism of m -Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium

Combined electrochemical degradation and activated carbon adsorption treatments for wastewater containing mixed phenolic compounds

Nanomolar Responsiveness of an Anaerobic Degradation Specialist to Alkylphenol Pollutants

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CO ₂ Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during Anaerobic Metabolism of m -Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium

CO ₂ Incorporation and 4-Hydroxy-2-Methylbenzoic Acid Formation during Anaerobic Metabolism of m -Cresol by a Methanogenic Consortium