“…The main advantages of the LIBS technique over other spectroscopic techniques and specialized equipment in the geological eld are low cost, easy maintenance, no need to prepare samples in advance, and the possibility of simultaneous detection of multiple elements. 6,7 These advantages are widely used in various elds such as geological exploration, [8][9][10][11][12] metallurgical analysis, [13][14][15][16][17] marine exploration, [18][19][20][21] cultural relic identication, [22][23][24][25] environmental testing, [26][27][28][29] and nuclear material detection. [30][31][32][33] Harmon et al 34 summarised recent applications and analyses of LIBS technology in areas related to geological and environmental materials.…”