Characterization of Indian biotypes of the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)

Kalode, M. B.; Bentur, J. S.

doi:10.1017/s1742758400010365

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The percentage of damaged plants and silver shoots were recorded. The genotypes were rated either resistant (R) with Ͻ10% plant damage or susceptible (S) with higher damage (Kalode and Bentur 1989). Then, percentage silver shoot at 60 d after transplanting in each genotype was converted to 0 Ð9 scale by using Standard Evaluation System (SES) for rice by International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Philippines (IRRI 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Mechanism in Rice to the Midge <I>Orseolia oryzae</I> (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Vijaykumar

Chakravarthy²,

Patil³

et al. 2009

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The midge Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a major and endemic pest throughout Asia. The pest is difficult to manage in view of a mixture of biotypes co-occurring in the same location and showing variable response to cultivated rice, Oryza sativa L., varieties and differentials. To develop an understanding of the resistance mechanism(s), studies were initiated during wet 2005 and 2006 in Coastal Karnataka. Antibiosis was the predominant resistance category. The maggots survived but as first instar only on all the resistant genotypes. On susceptible genotypes, larvae reached second instar at 7 d after release, third instar at 14 d after release, and pupal stage at 18 d after adult release. However, in certain resistant genotypes, maggot mortality was evident in the absence of the susceptible plant silver shoot condition. In all resistant genotypes, distinct antibiosis was observed at 14 d after adult release. Antixenosis was evident in few genotypes. So, the midge resistance in rice is manifested as a mixture of antixenosis and antibiosis. Estimation of biochemical constituents in rice shoot apices of selected resistant genotypes revealed higher levels of total phenols and total free amino acids compared with susceptible genotypes. But, the amount of total sugars, reducing sugars, crude proteins, and amino acids were not related to resistance. Biochemical profiles in relation to midge infestation showed increased phenol and decreased proline and indole acetic acid content in the growing apical meristem of resistant genotypes compared with susceptible genotypes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Mechanism in Rice to the Midge <I>Orseolia oryzae</I> (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Vijaykumar

Chakravarthy²,

Patil³

et al. 2009

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“…Each of these genes has been deployed in about one third of the resistant rice varieties developed so far in India. Virulence against Gm1 in the biotype 2 pest population at Cuttack in Orissa state, India and virulence against Gm2 gene in the biotype 3 population at Ranchi in Bihar state, India were recorded even prior to the release of resistant rice varieties (Kalode and Bentur 1989). Subsequent to extensive cultivation of resistant rice varieties, virulence against these genes has been reported from different pest endemic regions of the country, including the combined virulence against the Gm1 and Gm2 genes in biotype 4 (Bentur et al 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flanking SSR markers for allelism test for the Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) resistance genes

et al. 2007

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Screening of rice germplasm against Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (WoodMason), biotypes in India has led to identification of over 300 resistant rice genotypes. However, only ten resistance genes have been characterized so far. Identification of new genes through classical allelism test is tedious and time consuming. We propose to use closely linked flanking Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers in allelism tests for identification of resistance genes. Of the ten known gall midge resistance genes, eight have been tagged and mapped. The Gm1 and Gm2 genes have closely linked flanking markers. Hence SSR markers RM219 and RM444, flanking the gene Gm1, and RM317, RM241 along with the SCAR marker F8, flanking the gene Gm2, were selected for this study. Tests with one set of 13 genotypes likely to carry Gm1 and another set of 17 genotypes suspected to contain Gm2 suggested the presence of the respective allele in all the 13 and 15 genotypes from these sets, respectively. Classical allelism test perfectly matched with the markers test. There were two exceptions involving amplification with RM444 in cultivar Kavya and with RM241 in genotype AE20, suggesting a single recombination which could have resulted in the mismatch. All the three markers in the genotype Bhumansan and the two flanking markers RM317 and F8 in AE20 indicated the absence of the Gm2 allele. This was validated through a classical test, revealing a segregation ratio of 15 resistant: 1 susceptible F 2 progeny of both the crosses between the Gm2 source Phalguna and these genotypes. We performed the allelism test with the markers on another set of 56 randomly selected gall midge resistant genotypes to discover possible sources of new resistance genes.

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“…Damages to rice from this insect has been reported from Bangladesh (Catling et al 1978), Cambodia (Jahn and Bunnarith 2004) and China (Pasalu et al 2004), to India (Kalode and Bentur 1989), Indonesia (Kartohardjono 1979), Lao PDR (Inthavong et al 2004), Sri Lanka (Kudagamage et al 1988, and Thailand (Hidaka et al 1974). The gall midge causes deformation of growing point of the rice plant, turning the leaf into a tube-like gall, called 'silver shoot' or 'onion leaf', the capacity to develop a panicle and produce grain is lost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In the farmer's field at Mae Moot, where infestation of the susceptible check variety SPT1 was 33%, 70% of the accessions were resistant. Variation in susceptibility to gall midge among rice varieties, and that susceptibility in rice depends on both the rice variety and gall midge biotype, are well documented (Kalode and Bentur 1989;Nwilene et al 2002). Rice varieties have also been reported to respond differently to gall midge from different locations in Thailand (Tayathum et al 1995).…”

Section: Gall Midge Resistance and Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity and adaptability of a traditional agricultural system: case study of a gall midge resistant rice landrace from northern Thailand

Oupkaew

Pusadee

Sirabanchongkran

et al. 2010

Genet Resour Crop Evol

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Adaptability of traditional agricultural systems is suggested by their success over time, but documentation of how this happens is rare. This paper shows how genetic diversity in a rice landrace enables rice farming system of northern Thailand to adapt to a constraint of an insect pest, microenvironments of mountainous landscape and people's different tastes in rice. Resistance to laboratory-reared gall midge varied among accessions the rice landrace Muey Nawng and gall midge populations. Higher rice yield in farmers' fields reflected adaptation to local environment as well as resistance to gall midge. Microsatellite variation of the accessions correlated negatively with their gall midge resistance, but there was also variation in heading time and endosperm starch. Presence of non-waxy endosperm in glutinous rice provides opportunity to select for rice that is cooked into non-glutinous rice preferred by minority groups who live at higher elevations, where the gall midge is emerging as a new threat, possibly because of climate change. These data show how genetic diversity of a rice landrace coupled with seed management by farmers enabled a rice farming system to adapt to the varied microenvironment of a mountainous landscape under the constraint of an insect pest and people's different tastes in rice.

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Characterization of Indian biotypes of the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae)

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Resistance Mechanism in Rice to the Midge <I>Orseolia oryzae</I> (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Resistance Mechanism in Rice to the Midge <I>Orseolia oryzae</I> (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Flanking SSR markers for allelism test for the Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) resistance genes

Complexity and adaptability of a traditional agricultural system: case study of a gall midge resistant rice landrace from northern Thailand

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