“…For 1D, the polymer gel can be read out using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (Maryanski et al , 1993; Basfar et al , 2015; Rabaeh et al , 2022a) and spectrophotometer (Rabaeh et al , 2017; Lotfy et al , 2017). For 3D imaging modalities, different techniques were used for scanning the polymer gels such as magnetic resonance imaging (Maryanski et al , 1994; Ibbott et al , 1997; Baldock et al , 2001; Rabaeh et al , 2008; Vandecasteele and De Deene, 2013; Dorri Giv et al , 2022), computed tomography (Chiu et al , 2014; Tachibana et al , 2020), optical computed tomography (Oldham et al , 2001; Adliene et al , 2014; Awad et al , 2019) and ultrasonography (Mather et al , 2002).…”