Characterization of HZC XP1805 photomultiplier tube for LHAASO-WCDA with a high dynamic range base

Abstract

A: The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) for the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) will employ 3000 large-sized hemisphere photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to collect the Cherenkov light produced by shower particles crossing water. The PMTs require not only good single photoelectron (SPE) resolution and small transit time spread (TTS), but also good linearity up to 4000 photoelectrons. XP1805 PMT produced by Hainan Zhanchuang Photonics Technology Co., Ltd (HZC), China, with a production line imported from Photonis (France) is a good candidate for LHAASO-WCDA readout. In this paper, the design of a high dynamic range base for XP1805 is presented. The SPE responses and non-linearity of XP1805 with the high dynamic range base are measured. These results show that HZC XP1805 with the designed base is well qualified for LHAASO-WCDA, with peak-to-valley ratio greater than 2, TTS around 3 ns, dynamic range (non-linearity within 5%) over 1500 and 5300 photoelectrons for anode and the 6th dynode output, respectively, at PMT gain of 3×10 6 with the inciting light pulse width of 6.4 ns. K: Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (vacuum); Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Cherenkov detectors 1Corresponding author.

Study of the water Cherenkov detector with high dynamic range for LHAASO

“…A special high dynamic range base circuit for PMT CR365-02-1 is designed to meet these requirements(see figure 3). Signals from PMT are read out from two outputs: one from the anode and the other one from the 8-th dynode [5,6]. The ratio of the gain of the two outputs is specially tuned to about 50 to balance the dynamic range and overlapping range.…”

Study of the water Cherenkov detector with high dynamic range for LHAASO

“…A special high dynamic range base circuit for PMT CR365-02-1 is designed to meet these requirements(see figure 3). Signals from PMT are read out from two outputs: one from the anode and the other one from the 8-th dynode [5,6]. The ratio of the gain of the two outputs is specially tuned to about 50 to balance the dynamic range and overlapping range.…”

Status of Water Cerenkov Detector Array of LHAASO project

“…Finally, there are two types of PMTs which satisfy the WCDA's requirements after a long time collaboration with some manufactories. One is CR365 from Beijing Hamamatsu, and the other is XP1805 from HZC Photonics [7]. Coincidently, these two types of PMTs are both produced in China.…”