Characterization of heat treatment-induced pore structure changes in cold-sprayed titanium

Ren, Yupeng; King, Peter C.; Yang, Sam; Xiao, Ti Qiao; Chu, Clement; Gulizia, Stefan; Murphy, Anthony B.

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2017.08.006

Cited by 42 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In the quantification of sizes and shapes of light constituents, an arbitrary value of 0.30 was chosen for the connectedness parameter in the clustering analysis. As described in Ren et al [58], this means that light constituents in neighbouring voxels are connected when both of their volume fractions are above this value. Using the threshold of 0.3, no light constituent clusters were found for sample 1 and, consequently, the determination of light constituent shapes is not possible.…”

Section: Multi-energy Synchrotron Ct and Dcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, it is possible to accurately determine the distribution of pores and inclusions in the sample by taking into account even those that are smaller than the imaging resolution. DCM has been applied to a number of studies in materials characterisation, such as oil and gas reservoir rocks [55,56], corrosion inhibitors [57] and cold-sprayed titanium parts [58].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nondestructive quantitative characterisation of material phases in metal additive manufacturing using multi-energy synchrotron X-rays microtomography

Xavier

Yang

Comte

et al. 2019

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) has found emerging application in the aerospace, biomedical and defence industries. However, the lack of reproducibility and quality issues are regarded as the two main drawbacks to AM. Both of these aspects are affected by the distribution of defects (e.g. pores) in the AM part. Computed tomography (CT) allows the determination of defect sizes, shapes and locations, which are all important aspects for the mechanical properties of the final part. In this paper, data-constrained modelling (DCM) with multi-energy synchrotron X-rays is employed to characterise the distribution of defects in 316L stainless steel specimens manufactured with laser metal deposition (LMD). It is shown that DCM offers a more reliable method to the determination of defect levels when compared to traditional segmentation techniques through the calculation of multiple volume fractions inside a voxel, i.e. by providing sub-voxel information. The results indicate that the samples are dominated by a high number of small light constituents (including pores) that would not be detected under the voxel size in the majority of studies reported in the literature using conventional thresholding methods.

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Section: Multi-energy Synchrotron Ct and Dcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nondestructive quantitative characterisation of material phases in metal additive manufacturing using multi-energy synchrotron X-rays microtomography

Xavier

Yang

Comte

et al. 2019

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…Coatings 2020, 10, 123 3 of 35 this topic have been reported as summarized in Table 1. The selection of HT temperature and duration is usually based on the materials' properties.…”

Section: Heat Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Process Treatments on Supersonic Cold Sprayed Coatings: A Review

Sun

Tan

et al. 2020

Coatings

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Cold Gas Dynamic Spray or Supersonic Cold Spray, or simply ‘Cold Spray’, is an emerging technology for rapidly building thin films, thick coatings and large-scale additive manufacturing at relatively low temperatures. In a cold spray process, particles are accelerated to supersonic speeds by a propellant gas and impact a substrate, thus producing a strong bonding with the substrate and subsequently forming a deposit via layer-by-layer buildup. The scalability and low cost of this method make it promising for many applications in industry, such as metal component surface repair/enhancement/restoration and functional coatings for electrical, thermal, biomedical, energy storage, and nuclear plant applications. However, cold sprayed deposits usually require post process treatments to further modify their microstructures and mechanical properties in order to obtain the desired performances. A number of studies have been carried out on this topic. Here, recent progress in different post process treatments on cold sprayed deposits is reviewed, including heat treatment, friction-stir processing, shot peening, and laser re-melting. The effects of these post treatments on the microstructure, residual stress and mechanical properties of cold sprayed deposits are discussed.

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“…In cold spraying, the main gas temperature is lower than the melting point of the sprayed material; thus, oxidization can be avoided. In the past decade, cold spraying has been used to deposit oxidation-sensitive alloys, such as Ti [11], Al [12,13], and Mg [8] alloy coatings. In addition, cold spraying was successfully used to repair Al alloy gearbox components [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold-Sprayed AZ91D Coating and SiC/AZ91D Composite Coatings

et al. 2018

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As an emerging coating building technique, cold spraying has many advantages to elaborate Mg alloy workpieces. In this study, AZ91D coatings and AZ91D-based composite coatings were deposited using cold spraying. Coatings were prepared using different gas temperatures to obtain the available main gas temperature. Compressed air was used as the accelerating gas, and although magnesium alloy is oxidation-sensitive, AZ91D coatings with good performance were obtained. The results show that dense coatings can be fabricated until the gas temperature is higher than 500 • C. The deposition efficiency increases greatly with the gas temperature, but it is lower than 10% for all coating specimens. To analyze the effects of compressed air on AZ91D powder particles and the effects of gas temperature on coatings, the phase composition, porosity, cross-sectional microstructure, and microhardness of coatings were characterized. X-ray diffraction and oxygen content analysis clarified that no phase transformation or oxidation occurred on AZ91D powder particles during cold spraying processes with compressed air. The porosity of AZ91D coatings remained between 3.6% and 3.9%. Impact melting was found on deformed AZ91D particles when the gas temperature increased to 550 • C. As-sprayed coatings exhibit much higher microhardness than as-casted bulk magnesium, demonstrating the dense structure of cold-sprayed coatings. To study the effects of ceramic particles on cold-sprayed AZ91D coatings, 15 vol % SiC powder particles were added into the feedstock powder. Lower SiC content in the coating than in the feedstock powder means that the deposition efficiency of the SiC powder particles is lower than the deposition efficiency of AZ91D particles. The addition of SiC particles reduces the porosity and increases the microhardness of cold-sprayed AZ91D coatings. The corrosion behavior of AZ91D coating and SiC reinforced AZ91D composite coating were examined. The SiC-reinforced AZ91D composite coating reveals higher corrosion potential than magnesium substrate; therefore, it serves as a cathode for the magnesium substrate, the same as the AZ91D coating on magnesium substrate. As the SiC powder is semi-conductive, the embedded SiC particles reduce the electrochemical reaction of the AZ91D coating. The addition of SiC particles increases the corrosion potential of the coating, meanwhile increasing the galvanic potential and decreasing the negative galvanic current of the coating-substrate couple.

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Characterization of heat treatment-induced pore structure changes in cold-sprayed titanium

Cited by 42 publications

References 41 publications

Nondestructive quantitative characterisation of material phases in metal additive manufacturing using multi-energy synchrotron X-rays microtomography

Nondestructive quantitative characterisation of material phases in metal additive manufacturing using multi-energy synchrotron X-rays microtomography

Post-Process Treatments on Supersonic Cold Sprayed Coatings: A Review

Cold-Sprayed AZ91D Coating and SiC/AZ91D Composite Coatings

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