Characterization of hailstone size spectra in hailpad networks in France, Spain, and Argentina

Change in hailstone size distributions with an increase in the melting level height

“…After a few years of measurements, it became evident that the mean characteristics of a point hailfall strongly depend on the altitude of the 0°C isotherm level. When an exponential form is used to represent the hailstone size distribution (Fraile et al, 1992;Sanchez et al, 2009), the number of small hailstones is larger and the slope of the distribution curve is steeper in the spring than in the summer (Dessens and Fraile, 1994). This means that small hailstones are more numerous in a cold environment and large ones are more numerous in a warm atmosphere, as shown, for example, in the two hailpad images in Fig.…”

Anti-Hail Protection—Assessment of Financial Effects on the Territory of Belgrade

“…The elements mentioned above are subject to testing in order to determine the choice of an efficient and useful system of protection against weather disasters. The testing procedure was carried out firstly on the basis of efficiency and already accepted research results applicable to the same or similar technical and technological models under similar operational conditions [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The established financial models have been tested, taking into account the correction of the achieved results by the estimated degree of model efficiency [14].…”

On the suitability of regional climate models for reconstructing climatologies

“…Modeled precipitation depends at least on cloud microphysics (Shen et al, 2010;Martins et al, 2010) structure, evaporation, water recycling in the soil, irrigation (Lobell et al, 2009) and agricultural practices (Osborne et al, 2009), CAPE, availability of condensation nuclei, and orography. Gross errors and unexpected results are common and large uncertainties still exists in solid precipitation modeling García-Ortega et al, 2005;García-Ortega et al, 2006;García-Ortega et al, in press;Sánchez et al, 2008;Sánchez et al, 2009c), which is not surprising given the difficulties in measuring this phase. Thus, the first precipitation results from ERA40 had to be corrected to account for weaknesses of the humidity scheme utilized in the assimilation system that generated excessive precipitation in the tropics after 1991 (Troccoli and Kållberg, 2004).…”

“…Interpolation techniques used to generate gridded estimates only worsen the problem, as no matter how sophisticated, these techniques introduce artifacts into the observations (Krajewski, 1987). In the case of solid precipitation, the situation is aggravated due to, for instance, hail being highly localized in space and in time, which makes estimates strongly dependent on the density of the observation network (Sánchez et al, 2009a;Sánchez et al, 2009b;Tuovinen et al, 2009).…”