Characterization of fuels by multi-dimensional supercritical fluid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography—mass spectrometry

Andersson, P.; Demirbüker, Mustafa; Blomberg, Lars G.

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)80151-w

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…SFC-MS has been applied to a wide range of analytes, including polymer additives, 21 pesticides, 30 oligosaccharides, 31 silicone oils 32 and biopolymers. 33 SFC-MS using DFI and electron impact (EI) ionization has been reported for the characterization of petroleum middle distillates; 34,35 however, complete quantification was not achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Coupling of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Field Ionization Time-of-Flight High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Rapid and Quantitative Analysis of Petroleum Middle Distillates

Qian

Diehl

Dechert

et al. 2004

Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester)

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We report the first coupling of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with field ionization time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (FI-ToF HRMS), in parallel with ultraviolet (UV) detection and flame ionization detection (FID), for rapid and quantitative analysis of petroleum middle distillates. SFC separates petroleum middle distillates into saturates and 1- to 3-ring aromatics. FI generates molecular ions for hydrocarbon species eluted from the SFC. The high resolution and exact mass measurements by ToF mass spectrometry provide elemental compositions of the molecules in the petroleum product. The amounts of saturates and aromatic ring types were quantified using the parallel SFC-FID assisted by SFC-UV. With a proper carbon-number calibration, the detailed composition of the petroleum middle distillate was rapidly determined.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Coupling of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Field Ionization Time-of-Flight High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Rapid and Quantitative Analysis of Petroleum Middle Distillates

Qian

Diehl

Dechert

et al. 2004

Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester)

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“…Analytical techniques for determining the composition and chemical structure of petroleum fractions with boiling point below 538 °C (1000 °F) have been largely established. Molecules in naphtha range with boiling point up to 221 °C (430 °F) are routinely measured by high resolution GC PIONA or GC-MS PIONA (C 4 to C 12 paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, naphtha, and aromatics). , Middle distillates with nominal boiling point ranging from 221 to 343 °C (430 to 650 °F) are characterized by GC-field ionization mass spectrometry (GC-FIMS) in low resolution , or high resolution modes. , These analyses are sometimes combined with GC-FID for normal paraffin measurements and/or supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for determination of hydrocarbon lumps, such as paraffins, naphthenes, 1–3 ring aromatics. − Two-dimensional gas chromatography (2DGC) has also become increasingly popular for the middle distillate characterization. − Vacuum gas oil with nominal boiling point ranges from 343 to 538 °C (650 to 1000 °F) requires multidimensional liquid chromatographic separations (such as silica gel and aromatic ring class) followed by low or high resolution mass spectrometry. − A model of composition (MoC) can be developed by reconciling various bulk property and composition measurements. , A summary of analytical technology for heavy petroleum can be found in a well-written book by Altgelt and Boduszynski . The primary driver of the high detail petroleum analysis is the molecule-based petroleum composition modeling introduced by Quann and Jaffe in 1992 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of Structural Building Blocks in Heavy Petroleum Systems by Collision-Induced Dissociation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2012

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Collision-induced dissociation Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (CID-FTICR MS) was developed to determine structural building blocks in heavy petroleum systems. Model compounds with both single core and multicore configurations were synthesized to study the fragmentation pattern and response factors in the CID reactions. Dealkylation is found to be the most prevalent reaction pathway in the CID. Single core molecules exhibit primarily molecular weight reduction with no change in the total unsaturation of the molecule (or Z-number as in chemical formula C(c)H(2c+Z)N(n)S(s)O(o)VNi). On the other hand, molecules containing more than one aromatic core will decompose into the constituting single cores and consequently exhibit both molecular weight reduction and change in Z-numbers. Biaryl linkage, C(1) linkage, and aromatic sulfide linkage cannot be broken down by CID with lab collision energy up to 50 eV while C(2)+ alkyl linkages can be easily broken. Naphthenic ring-openings were observed in CID, leading to formation of olefinic structures. Heavy petroleum systems, such as vacuum resid (VR) fractions, were characterized by the CID technology. Both single-core and multicore structures were found in VR. The latter is more prevalent in higher aromatic ring classes.

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“…Using this protocol, the analysis time required to determine the total aromatic content of the complex samples was reduced to less than 10 min. Andersson et al 79 employed a multidimensional SFC to determine the amount of alkanes, mono-, di-, and triaromatics, and polar compounds in diesel fuel distillates. The system consisted of three microcolumns that were packed, respectively, with cyano-modified silica, silica, and silver ion-impregnated cation exchanger.…”

Section: T H I S C O N T E N T Imentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Extraction and Identification of Crude Oil and Related Products Using Supercritical Fluid Technology

Rudzinski

Aminabhavi

2000

Energy Fuels

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Crude oil, shale oil, and sand oil are all sources of petroleum and contain hundreds of compounds whose components can be grouped into four main classes such as (1) saturates (alkanes and cycloparaffins), ( 2) aromatics (mono-, di-, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with alkyl side chains), (3) resins (aggregates with a multitude of building blocks such as sulfoxides, amides, thiophenes, pyridines, quinolines, and carbazoles), and ( 4) asphaltenes (aggregates of extended polyaromatics, naphthenic acids, sulfides, polyhydric phenols, fatty acids, and metalloporhyrins). The latter two classes contain many species that are nonvolatile and are therefore difficult to analyze. Currently, most analyses of petroleum compounds determine species with no more than six fused rings, a paucity of polar groups, and a molecular mass of less than 600. The volatility and stability of the compounds determine whether they are amenable to analysis using standard gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Hence, to determine the chemical class and identity of a number of nonvolatiles, other fluid systems with appropriate separation and detection technologies are required. These include supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and liquid chromatography (LC). This review covers recent developments and advances in all of the above-mentioned and related techniques used to extract and identify crude oil and related products. Critical evaluation, generalization, and comparison studies have been made.

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Characterization of fuels by multi-dimensional supercritical fluid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography—mass spectrometry

Cited by 25 publications

References 21 publications

The Coupling of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Field Ionization Time-of-Flight High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Rapid and Quantitative Analysis of Petroleum Middle Distillates

The Coupling of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Field Ionization Time-of-Flight High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Rapid and Quantitative Analysis of Petroleum Middle Distillates

Determination of Structural Building Blocks in Heavy Petroleum Systems by Collision-Induced Dissociation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

A Review on Extraction and Identification of Crude Oil and Related Products Using Supercritical Fluid Technology

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