Characterization of four major degradation products in metformin by 2D LC-QTOF/MS/MS

Microbially catalyzed anode and cathode microbial electrosynthesis system for efficient metformin removal and volatile fatty acid production

“…The MTF biodegradation along with byproduct formation was analyzed using LC-MS/MS analysis. Moreover, based on the detected m/z value, possible degradation pathways were proposed (Fig 16) reported and are in agreement with our results [97]. In another study, similar byproducts were reported and formed mainly by dimerization, dehydrogenation, demethylation, and peroxidation [126].…”

“…In another study, similar byproducts were reported and formed mainly by dimerization, dehydrogenation, demethylation, and peroxidation [126]. All the detected transformation products are in agreement with many past studies [97,100,127,128]. Most of the existing literature reported limited number of byproduct as a result of MTF degradation [100,129,130].…”

“…Exceptional biodegradation performance was observed for all MTF concentrations with a maximum removal of 91% for 0.1 ppm drug within 120 h. On increasing the MTF loading, removal efficiency of 89% and 78% were observed for 0.3 ppm and 0.5 ppm, respectively (Fig 10). These biodegradation efficiencies are quite high as a number of studies have evaluated MTF degradation; however, lower removal efficiencies were reported [96][97][98][99]. Trautwein et al performed a series of biodegradation tests for 28 days and found MTF biodegradation performance ranging from 9.9% to 51.3% [100].…”

“…The precursor-product transition ion m/z 60.05 (MTF2), m/z 103.7 (MTF3) and 88.1 (MTF8) were used as a qualifier to confirm the degradation of MTF in the samples[125][100]. The ion at m/z 103.4 (MTF3) corresponds to the cleavage of amine from m/z 130.MTF) whereas loss of methylene from MTF give rise to m/z 60.05 (MTF2)[97]. The formation of guanyl-urea m/z 103.4 (MTF3) by two-fold dealkylation of MTF has also been reported and its further oxidative deamination gave formation to m/z 60.05 (MTF2) and 88.MTF4)[100].…”

A high‐performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous quantification of metformin and ferulic acid in solid dosage forms

“…Several MT PDs are listed in the literature, but the extent of MT degradation varies considerably. This variation can be explained by the different concentrations of the degrading solutions and the time of exposure to them [33–35]. It was possible to observe the DP7 with the DAD detector, which was related to MT due to its similarity with its UV spectrum (Figures 2 and 4).…”