Characterization of femtosecond laser written gratings in PMMA using a phase-retrieval approach

Kelb, Christian; Pätzold, Welm M.; Morgner, Uwe; Rahlves, Maik; Reithmeier, Eduard; Roth, Bernhard

doi:10.1364/ome.6.003202

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A detailed fabrication of waveguide biosensors by the dip-floating technique was demonstrated in [17]. The poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) grating structures are realized using the femtosecond laser writing technique in [18]. The investigation on photochemical mechanism and the nonlinear photo-absorptive effect on dry acrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol based photopolymer was analyzed by Li et al [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined thermomechanical and optical simulations of planar-optical polymer waveguides

Suar

Baran

Günther

et al. 2020

J. Opt.

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In this work, we describe a theoretical approach for combined thermal, mechanical and optical simulation and analysis of planar polymer waveguides. We consider a finite element approach for thermal and stress/deformation simulation. Also, a Crank-Nicholson finite difference beam propagation method (CN-BPM) is implemented to perform the optical simulation. The results of the finite element (thermo-mechanical) analysis are coupled with the CN-BPM results to carry out the optical simulation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) waveguides as function of temperature. For thermal simulation, a model was designed where a polysilicon microheater was added to the upper cladding of the PMMA waveguides to vary the temperature between 20 • C and 200 • C. Thus, the impact of the induced temperature gradients on the refractive index modulation of the PMMA waveguides and the corresponding change in numerical aperture are obtained. In addition, the temperature gradients influence the beam intensity profiles and the movement of the primary eyes within the optical waveguides, thus, impacting the optical properties. Furthermore, the thermally induced mechanical stress and deformation were calculated for transverse and axial directions. In the next step, validation of the model by systematic experimental studies will be performed. In general, our approach provides a toolbox for more comprehensive multi-physics theoretical analysis of polymer-optical waveguides which, in future, can be extended to more complex and functional structures as required for flexible sensor networks, as example.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined thermomechanical and optical simulations of planar-optical polymer waveguides

Suar

Baran

Günther

et al. 2020

J. Opt.

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“…Typical measured refractive indices of the waveguide core materials at a temperature of 20°C and a wavelength of 638 nm are given in Table 1. Furthermore, we determine the propagation losses of the fabricated optical waveguides at two wavelengths, 633 nm and 850 nm, by employing the established cut-back method [18]. For this purpose, the insertion loss of a specific waveguide at different lengths, starting with the full length initially manufactured, is measured.…”

Section: Manufactured Structures and Their Characterization A) Hot Emmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a second approach we use diffraction of white light on a diffractive optical element (DOE) inscribed into a polymer substrate by using femtosecond laser radiation [18] for measurement of strain orthogonal to the grating direction. The induced strain can be detected via a spectral change of the diffracted light pattern or, as exemplified in this case, by a change in the spatial distribution of the diffraction pattern of a spectrally narrower light spectrum.…”

Section: Simple Optical Strain Tilt and Humidity Sensor Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards fabrication and application of polymer based photonics networks and sensors

Rahlves

Rezem

Günther

et al. 2018

MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XVII

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Highly-functional photonic sensor networks integrated in thin polymer foils offer great potential for versatile applications in the life sciences, medicine, environmental analytics or production technology. For their realization, suitable low-cost and high-throughput production techniques need to be developed. Here, we describe work towards this goal, i.e. the fabrication of multimode polymer waveguides through a combination of thermal imprint and doctor blading. For imprint master stamp fabrication, a combined Bosch and O2 plasma etching process in silicon is utilized. We also demonstrate stamp fabrication by an additive manufacturing method, i.e. by employing maskless UV lithography, to enhance the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of our approach. We, thus, realize various all-polymer waveguide arrays, beam splitters, and grating couplers which serve as basic elements to create more complex photonic circuits. We also demonstrate polymer based transmission lines comprising semiconductor as well as organic light sources and detectors. We discuss both the integration of semiconductor light sources and detectors such as verticalcavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) and photo detectors as well as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photo detectors. In first applications, we combine these elements to create sensor arrays for measuring temperature, strain or refractive index. We show results of various sensor types utilizing different measurement principles implemented in laboratory environments so far. For example, a waveguide array containing a linear discontinuity which serves as elongation zone for displacement, strain or tilt measurement by detecting the intensity variation of the transmitted light propagating inside the structure is presented. In future, we plan to create more powerful sensor photonics networks for reliable and robust applications in real life, e.g. for point-of-care testing or production monitoring.

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“…The guiding area is a consequence of the beam refocusing, resulting in a secondary modification region where polymer damage or negative refractive index changes are avoided. In order to improve the waveguide performance in PMMA, a phase-retrieval algorithm has also been proposed to identify the internal structure and modifications caused by laser pulses [53].…”

Section: Optical Waveguides In Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast Laser Pulses for Structuring Materials at Micro/Nano Scale: From Waveguides to Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Corrêa

Almeida

et al. 2017

Photonics

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Abstract:The current demand for fabricating optical and photonic devices displaying high performance, using low-cost and time-saving methods, prompts femtosecond (fs)-laser processing as a promising methodology. High and low repetition femtosecond lasers enable surface and/or bulk modification of distinct materials, which can be used for applications ranging from optical waveguides to superhydrophobic surfaces. Herein, some fundamental aspects of fs-laser processing of materials, as well as the basics of their most common experimental apparatuses, are introduced. A survey of results on polymer fs-laser processing, resulting in 3D waveguides, electroluminescent structures and active hybrid-microstructures for luminescence or biological microenvironments is presented. Similarly, results of fs-laser processing on glasses, gold and silicon to produce waveguides containing metallic nanoparticles, analytical chemical sensors and surface with modified features, respectively, are also described. The complexity of fs-laser micromachining involves precise control of material properties, pushing ultrafast laser processing as an advanced technique for micro/nano devices.

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Characterization of femtosecond laser written gratings in PMMA using a phase-retrieval approach

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

Combined thermomechanical and optical simulations of planar-optical polymer waveguides

Combined thermomechanical and optical simulations of planar-optical polymer waveguides

Towards fabrication and application of polymer based photonics networks and sensors

Ultrafast Laser Pulses for Structuring Materials at Micro/Nano Scale: From Waveguides to Superhydrophobic Surfaces

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