Characterization of exotoxin produced by a shellfish‐pathogenic <i>Vibrio</i> sp.

Brown, Carolyn; Roland, Gregory E.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1984.tb00914.x

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…V. alginolyticus strains are often isolated from episodes of mortality of cultured marine bivalves. Although this bacterial species may not be a very strongly invasive bacterium, its pathogenicity may rely on extracellular toxin production, as documented in other investigations (7,12,38,39,49). Nottage and Birkbeck (37) purified a low-molecular-weight ciliostatic toxin from a V. alginolyticus strain, and this toxin can cause undesirable effects in the physiology of infected clams, such as inhibition of filtration and thus feeding (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio splendidus from Aquacultured Carpet Shell Clam ( Ruditapes decussatus ) Larvae Associated with Mass Mortalities

Gomez‐León

Villamil

Lemos

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

242

118

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Two episodes of mortality of cultured carpet shell clams (Ruditapes decussatus) associated with bacterial infections were recorded during 2001 and 2002 in a commercial hatchery located in Spain. Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated as the primary organism from moribund clam larvae that were obtained during the two separate events. Vibrio splendidus biovar II, in addition to V. alginolyticus, was isolated as a result of a mixed Vibrio infection from moribund clam larvae obtained from the second mortality event. The larval mortality rates for these events were 62 and 73%, respectively. Mortality was also detected in spat. To our knowledge, this is the fist time that these bacterial species have been associated with larval and juvenile carpet shell clam mortality. The bacterial strains were identified by morphological and biochemical techniques and also by PCR and sequencing of a conserved region of the 16S rRNA gene. In both cases bacteria isolated in pure culture were inoculated into spat of carpet shell clams by intravalvar injection and by immersion. The mortality was attributed to the inoculated strains, since the bacteria were obtained in pure culture from the soft tissues of experimentally infected clams. V. alginolyticus TA15 and V. splendidus biovar II strain TA2 caused similar histological lesions that affected mainly the mantle, the velum, and the connective tissue of infected organisms. The general enzymatic activity of both live cells and extracellular products (ECPs), as evaluated by the API ZYM system, revealed that whole bacterial cells showed greater enzymatic activity than ECPs and that the activity of most enzymes ceased after heat treatment (100°C for 10 min). Both strain TA15 and strain TA2 produced hydroxamate siderophores, although the activity was greater in strain TA15. ECPs from both bacterial species at high concentrations, as well as viable bacteria, caused significant reductions in hemocyte survival after 4 h of incubation, whereas no significant differences in viability were observed during incubation with heat-killed bacteria.Culture of carpet shell clams (Ruditapes decussatus) is a traditional activity that has great economical importance in Spain, particularly in Galicia (northwest region of Spain). Therefore, losses in production of this clam species would seriously affect the economy of this region.Globally, clam production is often affected by vibriosis, which leads to high mortality rates mainly in nursery cultures of juvenile bivalves (20,35). In Spain serious mass mortalities associated with Vibrio tapetis infections have been reported previously (15, 21). V. tapetis causes brown ring disease in Ruditapes species, which is characterized by the appearance of brown conchioline deposits that have variable distributions and variable thicknesses on the inner shell of diseased clams (41, 42).Susceptibility of other cultured bivalve species to infections caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio has been found in several scallop species, including Aequipecten irradians (52), Euvo...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio splendidus from Aquacultured Carpet Shell Clam ( Ruditapes decussatus ) Larvae Associated with Mass Mortalities

Gomez‐León

Villamil

Lemos

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

242

118

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“…Ingestion of contaminated material is a well documented cause of diseases due to marine bacteria in humans and terrestrial animals (Colwelll984) and an oral route of infection has been suggested for some bacterial diseases of penaeid larvae (Lavilla-Pitogo et al 1990). Many marine bacteria also produce extremely potent toxins (Zen-Yoji et al 197 1;Honda and Finkelstein 1979;Kreger and Lockwood 198 1;Kreger 1984;Noguchi et al 1986Noguchi et al , 1987 which are associated with gastroenteritis in humans (Simidu et al 1987), diseases of bivalve larvae (DiSalvo et al 1978;Brown and Losee 1978;Brown 1983;Brown and Roland 1984;Nottage andBirkbeck 1986, 1987) and penaeid larvae (Muir 199 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Degradation of Microencapsulated Foods Used in Larval Culture

Muir

Sution

1994

J World Aquaculture Soc

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Microencapsulated foods are widely used in the culture of larval fish, bivalves and crustaceans. The resistance to bacterial decay of two of these diets was investigated under microbial conditions similar to those found in hatchery cultures of larval penaeid prawndshrimps. A 2–3‐fold increase in total ammonia concentration and a 7–14‐fold increase in total bacterial numbers were detected within 48h when microcapsules were added to larval culture water at a density recommended by the manufacturer for one day of supplementary feeding. Increased dissolved total ammonia and bacterial populations were detected within 1.5h of addition of food to penaeid larval culture water. Scenning electron microscopy indicated that microcapsules were colonized by numerous bacterial cells within 1h. Physical disintegration of microcapsules occurred after 6 to 12h. Only in sterilized penaeid larval culture water did microcapsules remain intact for a significant period. These findings are discussed in relation to development of improved methods of larval culture.

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“…The mechanisms by which vibrios cause disease in larvae are not fully understood, but different vibrios were shown to cause different patterns of diseases in experimentally infected larvae (Elston, 1984). Vibrio alginolyticus infections have been related to production of heat-labile and heat-stable toxins, with lethal and both lethal and ciliostatic activity respectively (Di Salvo et al, 1978;Brown and Roland, 1984;Nottage et al, 1989). However, vibrios have been shown to affect also adult bivalves: washed cells of certain Vibrio strains rapidly inhibited filtration by adult mussels, M. edulis; this was not correlated with the degree of binding of such bacteria to the gills of bivalves (Birkbeck et al, 1987).…”

Section: Vibrio Pathogenicity Towards Bivalve Molluscs: Possible Rolementioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of vibrios in marine bivalves: the role of interactions with haemolymph components

Pruzzo

Gallo

Canesi

2005

Environmental Microbiology

190

130

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SummaryMarine bivalves are widespread in coastal environments and, due to their filter-feeding habit, they can accumulate large numbers of bacteria thus acting as passive carriers of human pathogens. Bivalves possess both humoral and cellular defence mechanisms that operate in a co-ordinated way to kill and eliminate infecting bacteria. Vibrio species are very abundant in coastal waters and are commonly isolated from edible bivalves tissues where they can persist after depuration processes in controlled waters. Such observations indicate that vibrios are regular components of bivalve microflora and that the molluscs can represent an important ecological niche for these bacteria. Here we tried to summarize data on the interactions between vibrios and bivalve haemolymph; the available evidence supports the hypothesis that persistence of bacteria in bivalve tissues depends, at least in part, on their sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of the haemolymph. Results obtained with an in vitro model of Vibrio cholerae challenged against Mytilus galloprovincialis haemocytes indicate that bacterial surface components, soluble haemolymph factors and the signalling pathways of the haemocyte host are involved in determining the result of vibriohaemolymph interactions.

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Characterization of exotoxin produced by a shellfish‐pathogenic Vibrio sp.

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio splendidus from Aquacultured Carpet Shell Clam ( Ruditapes decussatus ) Larvae Associated with Mass Mortalities

Isolation of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio splendidus from Aquacultured Carpet Shell Clam ( Ruditapes decussatus ) Larvae Associated with Mass Mortalities

Bacterial Degradation of Microencapsulated Foods Used in Larval Culture

Persistence of vibrios in marine bivalves: the role of interactions with haemolymph components

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