Characterization of epoxy-surfactant interactions

Jensen, Robert E.; O'Brien, Emmett P.; Wang, J.; Bryant, J.; Ward, T. C.; James, Lauren; Lewis, David A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19981115)36:15<2781::aid-polb12>3.0.co;2-y

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Such fragility plots have been adopted to study the effects of chemical structure on the segmental relaxations in different systems, e.g., amorphous, [73] crystalline, [57,58,74] and filled polymers. [75] Here, we use the steepness index m to describe the effect of MMT on the fragility of epoxy nanocomposites.…”

Section: Fragilitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Enthalpy Relaxation of Layered Silicate‐Epoxy Nanocomposites

Nutt

2003

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Using standard and temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry, we have studied the segmental relaxation behavior of montmorillonite‐epoxy nanocomposites. The experimental results showed that the incorporation of clay particles caused the epoxy network to exhibit slower relaxation dynamics compared with the neat epoxy resin. Analysis based on the Tool‐Narayanaswamy‐Moynihan (TNM) model indicated that the nanocomposite systems had greater nonlinearity, higher apparent activation energy, and broader relaxation time distribution than the neat epoxy resin. Further analysis based on the Adam‐Gibbs model indicated that the presence of clay nanoparticles decreased the macroscopic configurational entropy of the epoxy network, and increased the size of the cooperative rearrangement region as well as the fundamental energy barrier. The peculiar relaxation behavior observed in the present experiments was attributed to the confinement effect of nanoparticles on molecular entities during the segmental relaxation. This confinement effect led to a stronger temperature dependence of the relaxation behavior near the glass transition temperature, or greater fragility. An inverse correlation between nonexponentiality and fragility was also observed, which is consistent with the results reported in the literature.

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Section: Fragilitymentioning

confidence: 92%

Enthalpy Relaxation of Layered Silicate‐Epoxy Nanocomposites

Nutt

2003

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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“…The samples prepared without water were mixed with an identical procedure, as previously reported. 7 The mixing procedure involves mechanically stirring the epoxy resin, EMI-24, and Triton X-100 (if required) in a two-necked, 250-mL round-bottom flask at 50°C under vacuum. Once completely mixed and degassed, the epoxy system is cast on 10 ϫ 10 cm sheets of crossweaved 1080 E-glass cloth as a thin film with a metal spatula.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…This was previously attributed to the surfactant acting as a plasticizer and decreasing the level of intermolecular constraints and coupling in the epoxy. 7 The calculated values of n are summarized in Table II. Figure 16 contains a superposition of the cooperativity plots for the neat-epoxy-matrix laminates in comparison to the neat-bulk-epoxy results.…”

Section: Cooperativity Analysis: Background and Bulk Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extensive research was previously performed on the polymersurfactant interactions between diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy cured with 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI-24) with a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 additive. 7 One of the conclusions attained from this earlier work was that the interactions between the cured epoxy and surfactant are highly favorable, with complete miscibility of the components at surfactant concentrations as high as 13 wt %. The polymer-substratesurfactant and surfactant-water interactions were analyzed with the help of cooperativity plots determined for epoxy/E-glass-composite mechanical behavior.…”

Section: Introduction and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VPI-pretreated fibers and waterborne resin provide a more conclusive insight pertaining to interfacial effects in the composites than was possible with the previously studied commercial waterborne resins. 7 The goal of this research is to determine what factors in the complete waterborne composite system are most influential on the viscoelastic and moisture-uptake properties.…”

Section: Introduction and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of a waterborne epoxy for E-glass composites

Jensen

Johnson

Ward

2000

J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys.

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Multiscale Heterogeneous Polymer Composites for High Stiffness 4D Printed Electrically Controllable Multifunctional Structures

Morales Ferrer,

Sánchez Cruz,

Caplan

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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Abstract4D printing is an emerging field where 3D printing techniques are used to pattern stimuli‐responsive materials to create morphing structures, with time serving as the fourth dimension. However, current materials utilized for 4D printing are typically soft, exhibiting an elastic modulus (E) range of 10−4 to 10 MPa during shape change. This restricts the scalability, actuation stress, and load‐bearing capabilities of the resulting structures. To overcome these limitations, multiscale heterogeneous polymer composites are introduced as a novel category of stiff, thermally responsive 4D printed materials. These inks exhibit an E that is four orders of magnitude greater than that of existing 4D printed materials and offer tunable electrical conductivities for simultaneous Joule heating actuation and self‐sensing capabilities. Utilizing electrically controllable bilayers as building blocks, a flat geometry that morphs into a 3D self‐standing lifting robot is designed and printed, setting new records for weight‐normalized load lifted and actuation stress when compared to other 3D printed actuators. Furthermore, this ink palette is employed to create and print planar lattice structures that transform into various self‐supporting complex 3D shapes. The contributions are integrated into a 4D printed electrically controlled multigait crawling robotic lattice structure that can carry 144 times its own weight.

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Characterization of epoxy-surfactant interactions

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Enthalpy Relaxation of Layered Silicate‐Epoxy Nanocomposites

Enthalpy Relaxation of Layered Silicate‐Epoxy Nanocomposites

Investigation of a waterborne epoxy for E-glass composites

Multiscale Heterogeneous Polymer Composites for High Stiffness 4D Printed Electrically Controllable Multifunctional Structures

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