The effect of the growth medium used on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra generated and its consequences for species and strain level differentiation of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) were determined by using a set of 25 strains. The strains were grown on five different culture media that yielded a total of more than 600 mass spectra, including technical and biological replicates. The results demonstrate that the culture medium can have a profound effect on the mass spectra of AAB as observed in the presence and varying signal intensities of peak classes, in particular when culture media do not sustain optimal growth. The observed growth medium effects do not disturb species level differentiation but strongly affect the potential for strain level differentiation. The data prove that a well-constructed and robust MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification database should comprise mass spectra of multiple reference strains per species grown on different culture media to facilitate species and strain level differentiation.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been applied in medical (1), environmental (2-4), and food-related (5-8) studies as an excellent cost-and time-effective tool for the identification of microorganisms. Different types of identification approaches were recently reviewed (9). These include linking of protein biomarkers derived from the mass spectra to a corresponding experimental database or comparing mass spectra with in silico-generated spectra predicted by whole-genome sequence analyses (10, 11). Yet, the most frequently used approach is the comparison of mass spectra of unknowns with those of well-characterized reference strains stored in a profile database. These comparisons are conducted by using either a peak-or a curve-based algorithm (9, 12). With a peak-based algorithm, the presence of specific biomarker peaks in the unknown isolate's mass spectrum is verified (6, 13). A curve-based method considers the complete spectrum, i.e., not only the presence of certain peaks but also the variation in peak signal intensity. The major drawback of these pattern recognition approaches is that they can be prone to experimental variations (14).Previous studies revealed that MALDI-TOF mass spectra of bacteria consist of signals derived mostly from ribosomal and other abundant proteins (15-18). For proteins that are of ribosomal origin (19), the effect of growth conditions on the mass spectra and thus on the identification result is expected to be minimal (20). However, growth conditions can influence the expression pattern of other proteins (21) and hence alter the mass spectrum (16,22). Additionally, growth medium compounds can interfere with the ionization of the bacterial biomolecules, especially when the bacterial cells have a tendency to adhere to the culture medium surface (15). Nevertheless, several studies found that variations related to the growth medium had no impact on the species l...