Characterization of end-of-life LED lamps for the recovery of precious metals and rare earth elements

Rebello, Rafaela Zamprogno; Carneiro, Maria Tereza Weitzel Dias; Yamane, Luciana Harue

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104557

Cited by 47 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Our review of articles retrieved from the Web of Science, and regulatory policies primarily in China, but extended to other countries informed our selection of 13 WEEE for this research (Andrae and Andersenl, 2010;Bae, 2016;Barba-Gutierrez et al, 2008;Chen et al, 2018;Chung et al, 2011;Control, 2004;Cucchiella et al, 2015;Dhiego Raphael Rodrigues Araujo et al, 2017;Kumar et al, 2019;Li et al, 2008;Lim et al, 2013;Matsuto et al, 2004;Minxi Wang, 2018;Oguchi et al, 2011Oguchi et al, , 2013Puneet et al, 2005;Renteria et al, 2011;Song et al, 2015;Taghipour et al, 2014;Tunsu et al, 2014;Yamasue et al, 2009;Zamprogno Rebello et al, 2020;Zeng et al, 2016). We included Incandescent Bulb (IB), Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL), Light Emitting Diode (LED) Bulb, Mobile Phone (MP), Desktop Computer (DC), Laptop Computer (LC), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor, CRT TV, Plasma Display Panel (PDP) TV, LCD TV, Washing Machine (WM), Refrigerator (RF), Air Conditioner (AC).…”

Section: Metal Contents For Weee and Components By Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative effectiveness of technical and regulatory innovations to reduce the burden of electronic waste

Chen

Wang

et al. 2021

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) contain toxic metals and organic compounds, posing significant threats to human health and environmental quality. The risks vary according to equipment types and components that are influenced by innovations in technical configuration and regulatory policy. To disentangle the relative impacts of these influences in protecting health and environment, we investigated 13 WEEE and 14 components using a life cycle impact assessment procedure. Additionally, we analyzed Waste Mobile Phones (WMPs) and Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) from computers manufactured between 2002 and 2010 to identify trends of toxic chemicals and potential adverse impacts associated with technological configurations and regulatory policies. The results show that, among WEEE, Cathode Ray Tube TV presented the highest carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity toxicity potential. Waste Air Conditioner posed the highest potential for ecotoxicity. Among electronic components, Waste Organic Light Emitting Diode displays posed the highest potential risk for carcinogenesis, whereas WPCBs from laptop computers posed the highest potential risk for non-cancer diseases. Solid State Drives posed the highest risks for ecotoxicity. Chromium was associated with risk of carcinogenesis and non-cancer diseases; whereas Al and Fe posed the highest potential for ecotoxicological impacts. During the period covered by the study, innovations in technological configurations and regulatory policies demonstrably reduced the potential toxicity risks posed by E-waste, attributable to reduction in the concentrations of toxic organic chemicals in WMPs/WPCBs. These results advance current understanding of strategies to reduce the risks posed by WEEE through coordination of technological innovations and regulatory policies.

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Section: Metal Contents For Weee and Components By Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative effectiveness of technical and regulatory innovations to reduce the burden of electronic waste

Chen

Wang

et al. 2021

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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“…As mentioned before, the share of PCBs in the LED lamp varies from 15 to 20%. The metal portion (58%) comprises about 17 materials (the rest are polymer 30% and ceramics 12%) (Zamprogno Rebello et al, 2020). Aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cerium, copper, gallium, gold, iron, lead, nickel, silver, tin, titanium, and yttrium are the metals reported in the metal portion.…”

Section: Lamp Feature and Bill Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies, so far, have been based on either a limited number of LED lamps (less than five) or the sample size unmentioned (Zhan et al, 2015) ( see detail in table S1). The larger sample, 600 kg, and 11.4 kg is only a recent trend (Kumar et al, 2019;Zamprogno Rebello et al, 2020). A couple of studies have performed TCLP tests, with a sample of 600 kg and only one LED lamp, respectively.…”

Section: Lamp Feature and Bill Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waste LED Lamp Characterization: A Call for More Consistent and Well-Documented Study

Rahman¹,

Larratte²,

Pompidou³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Solid-state lighting has been replacing conventional lighting in the market, raising concerns for implementing an efficient end-of-life management system. Since LED waste streams have not been quite dominant, characterization studies (product-level characteristics, component-wise information, bill of materials, diversity, and differences) are inconsistent and having substantial gaps. This study investigates the end-of-life LED lamp literature, focusing on the bill-of-materials, and reveals that the characterization procedure suffers from a severe lack of sample representativeness. Consequently, characterization results are widely varied and not generalizable. Moreover, most of the studies did not inform and document the detailed sample characteristics, precluding the possibility of identifying reasons for variation. Combining available information from the recent studies, we present a mass distribution at the component level, exemplifying the prospect for meeting EU regulatory limit and the need for more insight at the lamp and component level. To fill the disconnection between lamp level characteristics and component and material content, we propose a characterization protocol that carefully documents lamp, component, and material level information by establishing a lamp-component–material composition nexus. The protocol may help researchers, policymakers, and industrial stakeholders conduct a systematic characterization, analyze complexities and prepare for a sustainable solution.

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“…Although the share of waste LED lamps in the waste stream is increasing, suitable end-of-life (EoL) management solution is yet to be found. The EoL management is needed because, unlike the preceding lamp technologies, LED lamps contain substantial electronic components, representing about 60 different materials ( Reuter and van Schaik, 2015 ;Zamprogno Rebello et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of LED lamp recycling process from the 10 R strategy perspective

Rahman

Pompidou

Alix

et al. 2021

Sustainable Production and Consumption

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Recycling LED lamp technology requires a change from the traditional bulk material-based recovery process. Unlike preceding lighting technology, LED lamps cannot be recycled to meet the regulatory minimum recycling rate of 80% due to multi-materials, including small quantity precious metals, which reduce the sorting efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the challenges have been approached in the scientific literature in this context. The review article investigates the circular solutions to the challenges that the end of life LED lamp management is facing. This review applies PRISMA systematic literature review to locate the relevant studies and investigate whether the proposed processes can increase the recycling rate, using the circular economy strategy as a theoretical framework. Several recycling processes have been proposed in the academic literature. However, the techniques have not been evaluated against the circular economy strategies to identify current gaps and possible ways. This review attempts to fill this gap by assessing the current approaches against the 10 R strategies (refuse, rethink, reconsider, reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recycle and recover). The study suggests that recycling is the dominant strategy, but the higher R strategies such as reuse, repair, and remanufacture have also been discussed as potential life extension strategies. The study concludes by proposing an integrated treatment approach that focuses on higher R's (reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture and repurpose) instead of focusing on lower R's (e.g., recycling).

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Characterization of end-of-life LED lamps for the recovery of precious metals and rare earth elements

Cited by 47 publications

References 32 publications

Comparative effectiveness of technical and regulatory innovations to reduce the burden of electronic waste

Comparative effectiveness of technical and regulatory innovations to reduce the burden of electronic waste

Waste LED Lamp Characterization: A Call for More Consistent and Well-Documented Study

A review of LED lamp recycling process from the 10 R strategy perspective

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