Characterization of emissions from burning incense

Jetter, James J.; Guo, Zhishi; McBrian, Jenia A; Flynn, Michael R.

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00043-8

Cited by 178 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It was found that the VOCs emitted sequence was aromatic incense> traditional incense> church incense. The emission factors of PM2.5 from incense burning varied between 0.4-44 mg/g [7] to 5-56 mg/g [8]. The study from Taiwan [9] showed that concentrations of indoor suspended particulate (PM 2.5 , PM 2.5-10 and PM 10 ) increased during the time when pilgrims appeared at the incense S. Bootdee [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Emission of Fine Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Dioxide from Incense Burning in Shrines, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Bootdee¹,

Chantara²

2014

IJESD

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Abstract-The inhalation of fine particles (PM 2.5 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) has been associated with health problems. Incense burning is an important indoor source of these pollutants. This research aims to measure PM 2.5 and NO 2 emitted from incense burning in shrines on special occasions and during normal periods to assess the indoor air quality changes. PM 2.5 samples were collected on Teflon filters using a mini volume air sampler set up inside the shrines, while NO 2 samples were collected by tube type passive samplers, set up both indoors and outdoors. When special events were compared with normal occasions, the mean PM 2.5 concentrations obtained from 8 and 24 hrs were significantly different (p<0.05). Moreover, their concentrations were significantly higher on Chinese New Year than on other special occasions. In the case of NO 2 , the concentrations were not different among a variety of special occasions, but were higher than the values measured during the normal periods. Moreover, NO 2 concentrations were not found to be significantly different when the indoor and the outdoor values were compared. The values of PM 2.5 and NO 2 concentrations at both shrines were highest during the Chinese New Year. The main reason for this was clearly the number of visitors, which was related with the amount of incense being burned. Concentrations of NO 2 and PM 2.5 were well correlated (r = 0.580 -0.779) in every occasion. It can be concluded that the amount of incense being burned played a significant role in pollutant emissions and the indoor air quality.Index Terms-PM 2.5 , nitrogen dioxide, incense burning, indoor air quality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Emission of Fine Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Dioxide from Incense Burning in Shrines, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Bootdee¹,

Chantara²

2014

IJESD

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“…The harmful health effects can be attributed to the various contaminants present in incense smoke, including gaseous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur oxides (SO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [4][5][6][7][8], and particulate matter (PM) and adsorbed toxic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic metals) [4,5,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and composition, both of which are important factors in determining the effects of inhaled particles on human health [20]. In general, particles generated from combustion sources, for instance, incense burning, are submicron in size and contain a host of harmful compounds [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, the bulk of the research on particulates in incense smoke concentrated on determining the timeintegrated mass concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP), PM 10 (PMp10 mm), PM 2.5 (PMp2.5 mm), or sizedistributed particles [5,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In contrast, only a few studies measured the real-time size distribution and concentration of particles [4,9,10], an approach deemed to be a better indicator of human exposure due to the variability of emissions in space and time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from incense smoke

See

Balasubramanian

Joshi

2007

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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Incense is habitually burned in various religious settings ranging from the Eastern temples to the Western churches and in residential homes of their devotees, representing one of the most significant sources of combustion-derived particulate matter in indoor air. Incense smoke has been known to be associated with adverse health effects, which could be due to the release of the submicron-sized particles, including ultrafine and nanoparticles. However, there is currently a lack of information available in the literature on the emission rates of particles from incense smoke in terms of their particle number, a metric generally regarded as a better indicator of health risks rather than the particle mass. In this study, real-time characterization of the size distribution and number concentration of sub-micrometer-sized particles (5.6-560 nm) emitted from incense smoke was made, for the first time, for four different brands of sandalwood and aloeswood incense sticks commonly used by different religious groups. In addition, the respective emission rates were determined on hourly and mass basis based on mass balance equations. The measurements showed that the particle emission rates ranged from 5.10 Â 10 12 to 1.42 Â 10 13 h À1 or 3.66 Â 10 12 to 1.23 Â 10 13 g À1 and that the peak diameters varied from 93.1 to 143.3 nm. Airborne particles in the nanometer range (5.6-50 nm), in the ultrafine range (50-100 nm) and in the accumulation mode range (100-560 nm) accounted for 1% to 6%, 16% to 55% and 40% to 60% of the total particle counts, respectively, depending on the brand of incense sticks. To assess the potential health threat due to inhalation of particles released from incense burning, the number of particles of different sizes that can be possibly deposited in the respiratory tract were evaluated for an exposed individual based on known deposition fractions in the literature. The findings indicate that incense smoke may pose adverse health effects depending on exposure duration and intensity. r

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“…Incense is available in various forms like sticks, joss sticks, cones, coils, powders, rope, rocks/charcoal and smudge bundles as shown in Figure 2 [18]. Typically, the composition of incense stick consists of 21% (by weight) of herbal and wood powder, 35% of fragrance material, 11% of adhesive powder and 33% of bamboo stick [17].…”

Section: Incense Stickmentioning

confidence: 99%