Characterization of Emissions from a Methanol Fueled Motor Vehicle

Snow, Richard; Baker, Linnie; Crews, William; Davis, C.O.; Duncan, John W.; Perry, Ned; Siudak, Paula; Stump, Fred D.; Ray, William D.; Braddock, James N.

doi:10.1080/08940630.1989.10466507

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The CVS system has been previously described (14). In addition, testing at the EPA was also performed at the normal FTP temperature of 75°F.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ambient Temperature and E-10 Fuel on Primary Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles

Mulawa¹,

Cadle²,

Knapp³

et al. 1997

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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During the winter of 1994-1995, the State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation conducted a multifaceted program designed to evaluate the impact of switching from regular gasoline to an E-10 fuel (gasoline with 10% ethanol) in Fairbanks. As part of that program, 10 in-use vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer at temperatures of 20, 0, and -20°F using both fuels. Three of these vehicles were retested in the EPA facilities at Research Triangle Park, NC, under the same conditions. Vehicles were driven over the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule of the Federal Test Procedure during testing. PM-10 exhaust emission samples were collected at Fairbanks, and total particulate samples were obtained at the EPA. Results from both parts of this study indicate that particulate matter (PM) emission rates increased with decreasing temperature for both fuels. The increase occurred primarily during cold starting and is assumed to be due to enrichment. Particulate matter emission rates during operation on the E-10 fuel were lower relative to rates obtained during operation on the base gasoline. Exhaust hydrocarbon and PM emissions were well correlated, suggesting that fully phased-in Federal Tier 1 vehicle emission standards will reduce PM emissions from new vehicles and that rich-operating, high emitters can be expected to have high PM emissions. ES960514R X Abstract published in Advance ACS Abstracts, April 1, 1997.FIGURE 6. Effect of fuels on PM emission rates. FIGURE 7. Average FTP PM emission rates by phase for the ADEC data. Note: Comparisons between fuel/temperature combinations cannot be made because results are based on different vehicles.

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“…The CVS system has been previously described (14). In addition, testing at the EPA was also performed at the normal FTP temperature of 75°F.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ambient Temperature and E-10 Fuel on Primary Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles

Mulawa¹,

Cadle²,

Knapp³

et al. 1997

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The CVS system, which dilutes the tailpipe emissions with charcoal-filtered air, has been described in a previous paper. 10 THC, CO, NO X , CO 2 , speciated hydrocarbon, and speciated aldehyde emissions data are available from the authors.…”

Section: Test Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Ethanol-Blended Fuels on the Emissions from Three Pre-1985 Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles

Stump¹,

Knapp²,

Ray

1996

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Tailpipe and evaporative emissions from three pre-1985 passenger motor vehicles operating on an ethanol oxygenated and on a nonoxygenated (base) fuel were characterized. Emission data were collected for vehicles operating over the Federal Test Procedure at 90 °F, 75 °F, and 40 °F to simulate ambient driving conditions. The two fuels tested were a commercial summer-grade regular gasoline (the nonoxygenated base fuel) and an oxygenated fuel containing 8.8% ethanol, more paraffins and olefins, and less aromatics than the base fuel. The Reid vapor pressure (RVP) was adjusted to correspond to that of the base fuel. The emissions measured were total hydrocarbons (THCs), speciated hydrocarbons, spedated aldehydes, carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NO X ).This study showed a general reduction in tailpipe emissions of THC, CO, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene when tested with the ethanol fuel. The ethanol fuel significantly reduced these emissions from the high emitting vehicle, MU098, at 90 °F, 75 °F, and 40 °F test temperatures. Additionally, the ethanol fuel reduced CO emissions from vehicle BU950, with and without catalyst, and from vehicle CI415 at 40 °F. Both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions generally increased when tested with the oxygenated fuel. The acetaldehyde emissions were about double with this fuel. The limited data indicate that most emissions, including toxics, occur during the first 124 seconds of vehicle start-up.Diurnal evaporative emissions were less from the oxygenated fuel, while hot-soak evaporative emissions were greater from the oxygenated fuel (for all vehicles except MU098). Evaporative emissions were generally greatest at the 90 °F test temperature. IMPLICATIONSThis paper is the second of a series examining the effects of oxygenated fuels (fuels containing selected alcohols and ethers) on tailpipe and evaporative emissions from three pre-1985 vehicles. The regulated and unregulated emission values obtained from these tests will be integrated into EPA's Mobile 5 air modeling program. The Mobile 5 program is used to estimate the seasonal influence of emissions from motor vehicles using oxygenated fuels on the air quality at specific geographical locations. INTRODUCTIONMotor vehicles make a significant contribution to the atmospheric pollution inventory. Vehicles emit large quantities of hydrocarbons (HCs), CO, CO 2 , and oxides of nitrogen (NO X ). HCs and NO X are the principal components in the atmospheric photochemical processes that form ozone and other oxidants. Vehicles also emit formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene, which are of major health concern (classified as probable human carcinogens).

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“…These results differ from the limited results that have been published by others. Snow, et al, 16 tested a 1983 Ford Escort on M100 that had organic carbon emissions of about 1.0 g/mi, several times higher than the total reported here. Based on their data, organic carbon emissions were 64 percent methanol, 16 percent formaldehyde, and 20 percent HC.…”

Section: Dedicated Methanol Carmentioning

confidence: 53%

Formaldehyde, Melhanol and Hydrocarbon Emissions from Methanol-fueled Cars

Williams

Lipari

Potter

1990

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Exhaust and evaporative emissions tests were conducted on several methanol-and gasolinefueled vehicles. Separate samples for chromatographlc analysis of formaldehyde, methanol, and Individual hydrocarbons were collected In each of the three phases of the driving cycle and In each of the two portions of the evaporative emissions test. One vehicle, equipped with an experimental variable-fuel engine, was tested using methanol/gasoline fuel mixtures of 100, 85,50,15, and 0 percent methanol. Combustion-generated hydrocarbons were lowest using methanol fuel, and Increased several-fold as the gasoline fraction was Increased. Gasoline components In the exhaust Increased from zero as the gasoline fraction of the fuel was Increased. On the other hand, formaldehyde emissions were several times higher using methanol fuel than they were using gasoline. A dedicated methanol car and the variable-fuel car gave similar emissions patterns when they both were tested using methanol fuel. The organic-carbon composition of the exhaust was 85-90 percent methanol, 5-7 percent formaldehyde, and 3-9 percent hydrocarbons. Several cars that were tested using gasoline emitted similar distributions of hydrocarbons, even through the vehicles represented a broad range of current and developmental engine families and emissions control systems. These vehicles continue the trend of the past twenty years toward less photochemically reactive exhaust, with higher percentages of methane and total alkanes, and correspondingly lower percentages of oleflns and aromatlcs.

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Characterization of Emissions from a Methanol Fueled Motor Vehicle

Cited by 14 publications

References 5 publications

Effect of Ambient Temperature and E-10 Fuel on Primary Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles

Effect of Ambient Temperature and E-10 Fuel on Primary Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles

Influence of Ethanol-Blended Fuels on the Emissions from Three Pre-1985 Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles

Formaldehyde, Melhanol and Hydrocarbon Emissions from Methanol-fueled Cars

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