Characterization of efferent projections of chemosensitive neurons in the caudal parapyramidal area of the rat brain

Ribas-Salgueiro, Juan Luis; Gaytán, Susana P.; Ribas, J.; Pásaro, Rosario

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.014

Cited by 25 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Moreover, the downregulation of BDNF-TrkB at P10 in the LPGi and pPy (present study) corresponds in time to a significant fall in the expression of SERT in these same nuclei (Liu and Wong-Riley, 2010b). The earlier onset of change in the LPGi and pPy strongly suggests that they exert a more global and inductive role on the other brain stem respiratory-related nuclei, especially when they have a widespread projection to the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups (Zec and Kinney, 2001; Cream et al, 2002; Van Bockstaele et al, 2004; Ribas-Salgueiro et al, 2005). Thus, BDNF and TrkB are likely to regulate the expressions of serotoninergic neurochemicals, which, in turn, exert their feedback modulation onto BDNF and TrkB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We therefore conducted an in-depth, immunohistochemical and single neuron optical densitometric analysis of BDNF and TrkB receptors in seven respiratory-related nuclei and one nonrespiratory nucleus of P0–21 rats: the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC, a presumed center or kernel for respiratory rhythmogenesis (Smith et al, 1991, 2000; Rekling and Feldman, 1998)); nucleus ambiguus (Amb, which innervates airway muscles of the pharynx and larynx and receives input from the central respiratory network (Jordan, 2001)); commissural and ventrolateral subnuclei of the solitary tract nucleus (NTS COM and NTS VL , both receive direct projections from peripheral chemoafferent fibers (Finley and Katz, 1992), and both are part of the dorsal respiratory group known to project to the ventral respiratory group (Smith et al, 1989; Holtman et al, 1990; Bonham, 1995)); retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG, known to be involved in central chemoreception (Guyenet et al, 2005) and is reportedly a second oscillator in neonatal and juvenile rodents and perhaps a conditional oscillator that controls active expiration (Onimaru and Homma, 2003; Feldman, 2011)); and the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and parapyramidal region (LPGi and pPy, both have extensive connections with the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups (Smith et al, 1989; Zec and Kinney, 2001; Cream et al, 2002; Ribas-Salgueiro et al, 2005)). The nonrespiratory cuneate nucleus (CN) is a relay in the somatosensory system with no known respiratory function and served as an internal control.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Postnatal development of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptor immunoreactivity in multiple brain stem respiratory‐related nuclei of the rat

Liu¹,

Wong‐Riley²

2012

J of Comparative Neurology

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Previously, we found a transient imbalance between suppressed excitation and enhanced inhibition in the respiratory network of the rat around postnatal days (P) 12–13, a critical period when the hypoxic ventilatory response is at its weakest. The mechanism underlying the imbalance is poorly understood. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptors are known to potentiate glutamatergic and attenuate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission, and BDNF is essential for respiratory development. We hypothesized that the excitation-inhibition imbalance during the critical period stemmed from a reduced expression of BDNF and TrkB at that time within respiratory-related nuclei of the brain stem. An in-depth, semiquantitative immunohistochemical study was undertaken in seven respiratory-related brain stem nuclei and one nonrespiratory nucleus in P0–21 rats. The results indicate that the expressions of BDNF and TrkB: 1) in the pre-Bötzinger complex, nucleus ambiguus, commissural and ventrolateral subnuclei of solitary tract nucleus, and retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group were significantly reduced at P12, but returned to P11 levels by P14; 2) in the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and parapyramidal region were increased from P0 to P7, but were strikingly reduced at P10 and plateaued thereafter; and 3) in the nonrespiratory cuneate nucleus showed a gentle plateau throughout the first 3 post-natal weeks, with only a slight decline of BDNF expression after P11. Thus, the significant downregulation of both BDNF and TrkB in respiratory-related nuclei during the critical period may form the basis of, or at least contribute to, the inhibitory-excitatory imbalance within the respiratory network during this time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal development of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptor immunoreactivity in multiple brain stem respiratory‐related nuclei of the rat

Liu¹,

Wong‐Riley²

2012

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…The rostral cluster in the pons projects mainly to more rostral brain structures and is concerned with the functions of these neurons while the caudal cluster projects to spinal cord as well as to other brainstem sites and is more concerned with the functions of these regions including the regulation of breathing and central chemoreception (20, 31, 99–101, 215–217). In 1995, George Richerson (214), in a study using medullary slices in vitro to look for neurons responsive to acidic stimulation in the rostral ventral medulla, described CO 2 /H + responsive neurons at two locations, one possibly within the subsequently described RTN region, the other in the midline raphe.…”

Section: The Location Of Central Chemoreceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central Chemoreceptors: Locations and Functions

Nattie¹,

Li²

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

203

139

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Central chemoreception traditionally refers to a change in ventilation attributable to changes in CO2/H+ detected within the brain. Interest in central chemoreception has grown substantially since the previous Handbook of Physiology published in 1986. Initially, central chemoreception was localized to areas on the ventral medullary surface, a hypothesis complemented by the recent identification of neurons with specific phenotypes near one of these areas as putative chemoreceptor cells. However, there is substantial evidence that many sites participate in central chemoreception some located at a distance from the ventral medulla. Functionally, central chemoreception, via the sensing of brain interstitial fluid H+, serves to detect and integrate information on 1) alveolar ventilation (arterial PCO2), 2) brain blood flow and metabolism and 3) acid-base balance, and, in response, can affect breathing, airway resistance, blood pressure (sympathetic tone) and arousal. In addition, central chemoreception provides a tonic ‘drive’ (source of excitation) at the normal, baseline PCO2 level that maintains a degree of functional connectivity among brainstem respiratory neurons necessary to produce eupneic breathing. Central chemoreception responds to small variations in PCO2 to regulate normal gas exchange and to large changes in PCO2 to minimize acid-base changes. Central chemoreceptor sites vary in function with sex and with development. From an evolutionary perspective, central chemoreception grew out of the demands posed by air vs. water breathing, homeothermy, sleep, optimization of the work of breathing with the ‘ideal’ arterial PCO2, and the maintenance of the appropriate pH at 37°C for optimal protein structure and function.

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“…Its extensive afferent and efferent connections (Van Bockstaele et al, 1989; Zec and Kinney, 2001), especially its projections to the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups as well as ROb and RP (Ellenberger and Feldman, 1990; Holtman et al, 1990; Zagon, 1993) indicate that it may integrate respiratory and cardiovascular rhythmic patterns (Gaytan et al, 1997). pPy is reportedly another candidate for central chemoreception (Ribas-Salgueiro et al, 2005; Richerson, 2004). It is also widely connected to medullary nuclei subserving cardiorespiratory and other autonomic functions, such as ROb, RP, NTS, and LPGi (Ribas-Salgueiro et al, 2005).…”

Section: Developmental Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…pPy is reportedly another candidate for central chemoreception (Ribas-Salgueiro et al, 2005; Richerson, 2004). It is also widely connected to medullary nuclei subserving cardiorespiratory and other autonomic functions, such as ROb, RP, NTS, and LPGi (Ribas-Salgueiro et al, 2005). Both LPGi and pPy also project to the RTN/pFRG (Cream et al, 2002), strongly suggesting that serotonergic neurons in LPGi and pPy exert global effect on the other brain stem respiratory nuclei.…”

Section: Developmental Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral–central chemoreceptor interaction and the significance of a critical period in the development of respiratory control

Wong‐Riley

Liu

Gao

2013

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Respiratory control entails coordinated activities of peripheral chemoreceptors (mainly the carotid bodies) and central chemosensors within the brain stem respiratory network. Candidates for central chemoreceptors include Phox2b-containing neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus, serotonergic neurons of the medullary raphé, and/or multiple sites within the brain stem. Extensive interconnections among respiratory-related nuclei enable central chemosensitive relay. Both peripheral and central respiratory centers are not mature at birth, but undergo considerable development during the first two postnatal weeks in rats. A critical period of respiratory development (~P12–13 in the rat) exists when abrupt neurochemical, metabolic, ventilatory, and electrophysiological changes occur. Environmental perturbations, including hypoxia, intermittent hypoxia, hypercapnia, and hyperoxia alter the development of the respiratory system. Carotid body denervation during the first two postnatal weeks in the rat profoundly affects the development and functions of central respiratory-related nuclei. Such denervation delays and prolongs the critical period, but does not eliminate it, suggesting that the critical period may be intrinsically and genetically determined.

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Characterization of efferent projections of chemosensitive neurons in the caudal parapyramidal area of the rat brain

Cited by 25 publications

References 48 publications

Postnatal development of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptor immunoreactivity in multiple brain stem respiratory‐related nuclei of the rat

Postnatal development of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB) receptor immunoreactivity in multiple brain stem respiratory‐related nuclei of the rat

Central Chemoreceptors: Locations and Functions

Peripheral–central chemoreceptor interaction and the significance of a critical period in the development of respiratory control

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