“…Although there is now an extensive literature documenting the presence of CCAP-like immunoreactivity in a large number of arthropod species (Cheung et al, 1992;Keller, 1992;Davis et al, 1993;Furuya et al, 1993;Lehman et al, 1993;Dircksen, 1994;Trube et al, 1994;Breidbach et al, 1995;Groome and Lehman, 1995;Würden and Homberg, 1995), the physiological actions of CCAP have been considerably less intensively studied. Although CCAP was initially named because of its cardioexcitatory actions on semi-isolated heart preparations of the crab C. maenas (Stangier et al, 1987), not all crustacean hearts seem to be sensitive to CCAP (McGaw et al, 1995).…”