Characterization of Covalently Bound Anti‐Human Immunoglobulins on Self‐Assembled Monolayer Modified Gold Electrodes

Holzer, Brigitte; Manoli, Kyriaki; Ditaranto, Nicoletta; Macchia, Eleonora; Tiwari, Amber; Franco, Cinzia Di; Scamarcio, Gaetano; Palazzo, Gerardo; Torsi, Luisa

doi:10.1002/adbi.201700055

Cited by 64 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The former is composed of mixed alkanethiols endowed with carboxylic terminal groups (3-MPA and 11-MUA, 10:1) that spontaneously self-assemble on a gold surface. After the EDC/sulfo-NHS chemical activation of the chains’ carboxylic groups, the capturing anti-IgGs are conjugated to the chem-SAM, by immersing the gate in an anti-IgG solution 27 . The layer of anti-IgGs attached to the chem-SAM forms the bio-SAM.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-molecule detection with a millimetre-sized transistor

et al. 2018

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Label-free single-molecule detection has been achieved so far by funnelling a large number of ligands into a sequence of single-binding events with few recognition elements host on nanometric transducers. Such approaches are inherently unable to sense a cue in a bulk milieu. Conceptualizing cells’ ability to sense at the physical limit by means of highly-packed recognition elements, a millimetric sized field-effect-transistor is used to detect a single molecule. To this end, the gate is bio-functionalized with a self-assembled-monolayer of 1012 capturing anti-Immunoglobulin-G and is endowed with a hydrogen-bonding network enabling cooperative interactions. The selective and label-free single molecule IgG detection is strikingly demonstrated in diluted saliva while 15 IgGs are assayed in whole serum. The suggested sensing mechanism, triggered by the affinity binding event, involves a work-function change that is assumed to propagate in the gating-field through the electrostatic hydrogen-bonding network. The proposed immunoassay platform is general and can revolutionize the current approach to protein detection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-molecule detection with a millimetre-sized transistor

et al. 2018

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“…As in 100 μL of a 10 × 10 −18 m solution, there are around 10 3 particles; it means they are able to detect at the physical limit. An example of such ultrasensitive devices is the SiMoT EGOFET, where the gate is biofunctionalized with 2 × 10 12 recognition elements covalently attached to a 0.5 cm 2 gold gate, which is equivalent to ≈10 × 10 −9 m recognition elements that would be available for the binding in 100 μL. The binding is very fast as it occurs even at very low concentration in the minute timescale.…”

Section: Electrolyte‐gated Organic Field‐effect Transistor Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultimately Sensitive Organic Bioelectronic Transistor Sensors by Materials and Device Structure Design

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Macchia

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Organic bioelectronic sensors are gaining momentum as they can combine high-performance sensing level with flexible large-area processable materials. This opens to potentially highly powerful sensing systems for point-of-care health monitoring and diagnostics at low cost. Prominent to detect biochemical recognition events, are electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) as they are easily fabricated and operated. EGOFETs are recently shown to be capable of labelfree single-molecule detections, even in serum. This progress report aims to provide a critical perspective through a selected overview of the literature on both EGOFET and OECT biosensors. Attention is paid to correctly attribute them to the potentiometric and amperometric biosensor categories, which is important to set the right conditions for quantification purposes. Moreover, to deepen the understanding of the sensing mechanisms, with the support of unpublished data, focus is put on two among the most critical aspects, namely, the capacitance interplay and the role of Faradaic currents. The final aim is to provide a rationale of the functional mechanisms encompassing both EGOFET and OECT sensors, to improve materials and devices' designs taking advantage of the processes that enhance the sensing response enabling the extremely highperformance level resulting in ultimate sensitivity, selectivity, and fast response.

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“…In the single molecule with a large transistor (SiMoT) electrolyte-gated organic FET (EGOFET), the gate is biofunctionalized [41] with 2 × 10 12 recognition elements covalently attached to a 0.5 cm 2 gold gate; this is equivalent to ca. 10 nM recognition elements available for the binding that takes place on the minute timescale in 100 μl.…”

Section: Wide-field Capturing In Commercialized Label-based Single-momentioning

confidence: 99%

New trends in single-molecule bioanalytical detection

et al. 2020

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Single-molecule sensing is becoming a major driver in biomarker assays as it is foreseen to enable precision medicine to enter into everyday clinical practice. However, among the single-molecule detection methods proposed so far, only a few are fully exploitable for the ultrasensitive label-free assay of biofluids. Firstly introduced single-molecule sensing platforms encompass low-background-noise fluorescent microscopy as well as plasmonic and electrical nanotransducers; these are generally able to sense at the nanomolar concentration level or higher. Label-based single-molecule technologies relying on optical transduction and microbeads that can scavenge and detect a few biomarkers in the bulk of real biofluids, reaching ultralow detection limits, have been recently commercialized. These assays, thanks to the extremely high sensitivity and convenient handling, are new trends in the field as they are paving the way to a revolution in early diagnostics. Very recently, another new trend is the label-free, organic bioelectronic electrolyte-gated large transistors that can potentially be produced by means of large-area low-cost technologies and have been proven capable to detect a protein at the physical limit in real bovine serum. This article offers a bird's-eye view on some of the more significant single-molecule bioanalytical technologies and highlights their sensing principles and figures-of-merit such as limit of detection, need for a labelling step, and possibility to operate, also as an array, directly in real biofluids. We also discuss the new trend towards single-molecule proof-of-principle extremely sensitive technologies that can detect a protein at the zeptomolar concentration level involving label-free devices that potentially offer low-cost production and easy scalability.

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Characterization of Covalently Bound Anti‐Human Immunoglobulins on Self‐Assembled Monolayer Modified Gold Electrodes

Cited by 64 publications

References 42 publications

Single-molecule detection with a millimetre-sized transistor

Single-molecule detection with a millimetre-sized transistor

Ultimately Sensitive Organic Bioelectronic Transistor Sensors by Materials and Device Structure Design

New trends in single-molecule bioanalytical detection

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