“…In the marine environment, seawater contains a large amount of oxidizing Cl − , making it more corrosive than normal water (Zhang et al , 2020; Yuan et al , 2023; Hu et al , 2022a). Differences in composition, microstructure and other factors in welded joints can form a multiphase electrochemical reaction that couples macroscopic and microscopic reactions, leading to localized corrosion on the surface or corrosion failure in severe cases (Balasubramanian et al , 2008; Gong et al , 2016,Orsi et al , 2011; Zhang et al , 2022). Surface modification of titanium alloy-welded joints can improve their corrosion resistance and their service life (Hu et al , 2022b; Zhou et al , 2022; Wang et al , 2019; Xu et al , 2018; Sasikumar et al , 2019; Huang and Huang, 2023; Xia et al , 2020).…”