Characterization of combustion fullerene soot, C60, and mixed fullerene

Zhu, Wuming; Miser, Donald E.; Chan, W. Geoffrey; Hajaligol, Mohammad R.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.01.076

Cited by 50 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Palotas et al [30] utilized HRTEM images to extract some of the key structural properties of soot like interplanar spacing, circularity, orientation, elongation, and length distribution of lattice fringes by adopting proper image analysis technique. Zhu et al [31] analyzed the HRTEM images along with other scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) data to extract the structural information of C 60 -fullerene. From their analysis they found traces of both graphitic and amorphous carbon in their samples.…”

Section: Previous High Resolution Transmission Electronmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major characterization of the flame soot particles is done by HRTEM and electron diffraction [30][31][32][33][34][35]. Palotas et al [30] utilized HRTEM images to extract some of the key structural properties of soot like interplanar spacing, circularity, orientation, elongation, and length distribution of lattice fringes by adopting proper image analysis technique.…”

Section: Previous High Resolution Transmission Electronmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship Between Physical Structure and Tribology of Single Soot Particles Generated by Burning Ethylene

Bhowmick

Biswas

2011

Tribol Lett

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Ethylene gas is burnt and the soot generated is sampled thermophoretically at different heights along the flame axis starting from a region close to the root of the flame. The morphology and crystallinity of the particle are recorded using high resolution transmission electron microscopes. The hardness of a single particle is measured using a nanoindenter. The frictional resistance and material removal of a particle are measured using an atomic force microscope. The particles present in the mid-flame region are found to have a crystalline shell. The ones at the flame root are found to be highly disordered and the ones at the flame tip and above have randomly distributed pockets of short range order. The physical state of a particle is found to relate, but not very strongly, with the mechanical and tribological properties of the particles.

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Section: Previous High Resolution Transmission Electronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous High Resolution Transmission Electronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Physical Structure and Tribology of Single Soot Particles Generated by Burning Ethylene

Bhowmick

Biswas

2011

Tribol Lett

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“…A high concentration of fullerenic carbon detected on the surfaces of the finest particles (soot particles) confirms that the nucleation-mode particles were mainly produced from the combustion of fossil fuels. The presence of this type of carbon can be explained by the deposition of gas-phase species, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), on EC particles followed by internal rearrangement of the solid phase carbon (Grieco et al 2000;Zhu et al 2004). C-H was the main carbon state on the surfaces of the aerosol particles regardless of particle size due possibly to the condensation of aliphatic/aromatic organic materials on the surfaces of existing particles (Faude and Goschnick 1997;Song and Peng 2009).…”

Section: Carbon Chemical Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Chemical Composition of Size-Fractionated Urban Walkway Aerosols Determined by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Cheng

Weng

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Most aerosol chemical characterization studies to date involve bulk particle analysis. The surface chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles have rarely been analyzed, despite the particles' potential health impacts and interactions with gas in the atmosphere. Aerosol particles ranging from 0.056 to 10 μm in size collected using a 10-stage impactor sampler from a busy walkway in a downtown area of Hong Kong were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a technique providing both elemental and chemical state information about the particle surfaces. Six key elements were detected: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), oxygen (O), and carbon (C). Carbon was the dominant species on the surfaces of all particles regardless of their sizes. A higher carbon concentration was found on the surfaces of the 0.056-0.32 μm particles. The N, Si, Ca, and O concentrations were higher on the surface of the 3.2-10 μm particles than in the smaller size fractions. Sulfur was mainly found on the surface of the 0.32-1.8 μm particles. High-resolution scans of C, N, and S were obtained to provide chemical state information about these elements. Aromatic C-H and aliphatic C-H were found to be the major carbon chemical states. Fullerenic carbon was detected on the surfaces of the finest (0.056-0.32 μm) particles. Oxygen-and nitrogen-containing organics were found on the surfaces of the 0.32-1.8 μm particles. Sulfur was present in the form of sulfates as expected. Ammonium salts, amide, and nitrate were found to form especially on the surfaces of aerosol particles in the nucleation, accumulation, and coarse modes, respectively. Silicates and carbonates were only discovered on the surfaces of coarse-mode particles (3.2-10 μm). The results suggest that both the chemical

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“…In the last few years there have been reports by different groups on the structures of nanometer-sized carbon particles extracted from different combustion sources and other high-temperature reactors. In these reports the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy ͑HRTEM͒ images [8][9][10][11][12] showed different nanostructures, such as diamond, graphitelike, fullerenelike caged structures, nanotubes, and glassy-carbon structures. In terms of atomic units, a high resolution in a broad mass spectrum can be obtained with mass spectrometric measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of the structures of nanoparticles in flames by in situ detection of scattered x-ray radiation

Ossler

Larsson²

2005

Journal of Applied Physics

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The angular pattern of scattered synchrotron x-ray radiation has been used to measure the composition of molecules and nanometer-sized particles in flames. The measured patterns were compared with patterns obtained from calculations for different species compositions. After ensuring that the calculations could reproduce the experiments for air and for ethylene flames under two different combustion conditions flames under special particle producing conditions were studied. In one case, the patterns showed a strong presence of spherical or fullerenelike structures with very little presence of graphitelike particles and little soot production on a cooling plate. In the other case, under soot producing conditions, the scattering showed a clear presence of nanometer-sized graphite particles. The results show that high concentrations of particles with the size around 1 nm can be produced in flames. These particles either remain free or condense into larger particles, depending on the combustion conditions. This technique opens up for experimental studies of molecular and particle dynamics in combustion processes and other processes where nucleation and structural transformations of particles occur.

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Characterization of combustion fullerene soot, C60, and mixed fullerene

Cited by 50 publications

References 18 publications

Relationship Between Physical Structure and Tribology of Single Soot Particles Generated by Burning Ethylene

Relationship Between Physical Structure and Tribology of Single Soot Particles Generated by Burning Ethylene

Surface Chemical Composition of Size-Fractionated Urban Walkway Aerosols Determined by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Measurements of the structures of nanoparticles in flames by in situ detection of scattered x-ray radiation

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