“…Here, RNA-seq analyses revealed that NopAA can induce substantial numbers of DEGs enriched in the MAPK pathway, in line with prior data related to rhizobia infection. NopAA does not induce necrosis in tobacco leaves [24], and it impacts GmCDPK28 and GmWRKY33 expression [42], suggesting that it may play a role in shaping plant defense responses through the regulation of PTI. NopAA was also found to influence many phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Prior RNA-seq and QTL screening experiments have identified a number of NopAAregulated genes in soybean plants, including the defense response-related GmPR1 gene as well as members of the ethylene response factor (ERF) and WRKY transcription factor families [41][42][43]. NopD is a positive regulator of nodulation first identified in S. fredii HH103 culture supernatants [44].…”
Rhizobia secrete effectors that are essential for the effective establishment of their symbiotic interactions with leguminous host plants. However, the signaling pathways governing rhizobial type III effectors have yet to be sufficiently characterized. In the present study, the type III effectors, NopAA and NopD, which perhaps have signaling pathway crosstalk in the regulation of plant defense responses, have been studied together for the first time during nodulation. Initial qRT-PCR experiments were used to explore the impact of NopAA and NopD on marker genes associated with symbiosis and defense responses. The effects of these effectors on nodulation were then assessed by generating bacteria in which both NopAA and NopD were mutated. RNA-sequencing analyses of soybean roots were further utilized to assess signaling crosstalk between NopAA and NopD. NopAA mutant and NopD mutant were both found to repress GmPR1, GmPR2, and GmPR5 expression in these roots. The two mutants also significantly reduced nodules dry weight and the number of nodules and infection threads, although these changes were not significantly different from those observed following inoculation with double-mutant (HH103ΩNopAA&NopD). NopAA and NopD co-mutant inoculation was primarily found to impact the plant–pathogen interaction pathway. Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with both NopAA and NopD were enriched in the plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling pathways, and no further changes in these common DEGs were noted in response to inoculation with HH103ΩNopAA&NopD. Glyma.13G279900 (GmNAC27) was ultimately identified as being significantly upregulated in the context of HH103ΩNopAA&NopD inoculation, serving as a positive regulator of nodulation. These results provide new insight into the synergistic impact that specific effectors can have on the establishment of symbiosis and the responses of host plant proteins.
“…Here, RNA-seq analyses revealed that NopAA can induce substantial numbers of DEGs enriched in the MAPK pathway, in line with prior data related to rhizobia infection. NopAA does not induce necrosis in tobacco leaves [24], and it impacts GmCDPK28 and GmWRKY33 expression [42], suggesting that it may play a role in shaping plant defense responses through the regulation of PTI. NopAA was also found to influence many phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Prior RNA-seq and QTL screening experiments have identified a number of NopAAregulated genes in soybean plants, including the defense response-related GmPR1 gene as well as members of the ethylene response factor (ERF) and WRKY transcription factor families [41][42][43]. NopD is a positive regulator of nodulation first identified in S. fredii HH103 culture supernatants [44].…”
Rhizobia secrete effectors that are essential for the effective establishment of their symbiotic interactions with leguminous host plants. However, the signaling pathways governing rhizobial type III effectors have yet to be sufficiently characterized. In the present study, the type III effectors, NopAA and NopD, which perhaps have signaling pathway crosstalk in the regulation of plant defense responses, have been studied together for the first time during nodulation. Initial qRT-PCR experiments were used to explore the impact of NopAA and NopD on marker genes associated with symbiosis and defense responses. The effects of these effectors on nodulation were then assessed by generating bacteria in which both NopAA and NopD were mutated. RNA-sequencing analyses of soybean roots were further utilized to assess signaling crosstalk between NopAA and NopD. NopAA mutant and NopD mutant were both found to repress GmPR1, GmPR2, and GmPR5 expression in these roots. The two mutants also significantly reduced nodules dry weight and the number of nodules and infection threads, although these changes were not significantly different from those observed following inoculation with double-mutant (HH103ΩNopAA&NopD). NopAA and NopD co-mutant inoculation was primarily found to impact the plant–pathogen interaction pathway. Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with both NopAA and NopD were enriched in the plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling pathways, and no further changes in these common DEGs were noted in response to inoculation with HH103ΩNopAA&NopD. Glyma.13G279900 (GmNAC27) was ultimately identified as being significantly upregulated in the context of HH103ΩNopAA&NopD inoculation, serving as a positive regulator of nodulation. These results provide new insight into the synergistic impact that specific effectors can have on the establishment of symbiosis and the responses of host plant proteins.
“…Each CSSL line carries a single or a few chromosomal segments from a donor in the genetic background of a recurrent parent [ 23 ]. In 2013, the development of CSSLs was first reported in soybean, and since then, they have been utilized for the identification and functional analysis of favorable genes related to agronomic traits, including seed size, yield, and quality [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. However, few studies have addressed the regulatory network driving the synthesis and accumulation of seed storage compounds in soybean CSSLs.…”
Soybean, a major source of oil and protein, has seen an annual increase in consumption when used in soybean-derived products and the broadening of its cultivation range. The demand for soybean necessitates a better understanding of the regulatory networks driving storage protein accumulation and oil biosynthesis to broaden its positive impact on human health. In this study, we selected a chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) with high protein and low oil contents to investigate the underlying effect of donor introgression on seed storage through multi-omics analysis. In total, 1479 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 82 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and 34 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified in the CSSL compared to the recurrent parent. Based on Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment (KEGG), integrated analysis indicated that 31 DEGs, 24 DEPs, and 13 DEMs were related to seed storage functionality. Integrated analysis further showed a significant decrease in the contents of the seed storage lipids LysoPG 16:0 and LysoPC 18:4 as well as an increase in the contents of organic acids such as L-malic acid. Taken together, these results offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms of seed storage and provide guidance for the molecular breeding of new favorable soybean varieties.
“…A negative impact on the nodule number of soybean cultivar Suinong 14 inoculated with NopAA mutant has also been found. A mutation in the gene encoding NopAA resulted in a decrease in the nodule number of soybeans, and a similar effect of RhcN was also found (Shi et al, 2020; Zou et al, 2021). RhcN is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and all type III effectors were blocked following a mutation in the gene encoding RhcN (Viprey et al, 1998).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Abscisic acid (ABA) affects the nodulation at an early stage and on two sides of the dynamic equilibrium with cytokinin (López‐Ráez et al, 2017; Rubio et al, 2019; Soto et al, 2010). Moreover, SA primarily regulates nodulation via the host immunity signaling pathway (McGuiness et al, 2021; Zou et al, 2021). Like SA, jasmonic acid (JA) can play positive and negative roles in symbiosis (McGuiness et al, 2021).…”
Soybean is a pivotal protein and oil crop that utilizes atmospheric nitrogen via symbiosis with rhizobium soil bacteria. Rhizobial type III effectors (T3Es) are essential regulators during symbiosis establishment. However, how the transcription factors involved in the interaction between phytohormone synthesis and type III effectors are connected is unclear. To detect the responses of phytohormone and transcription factor genes to rhizobial type III effector NopAA and type III secretion system, the candidate genes underlying soybean symbiosis were identified using RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and phytohormone content analysis of soybean roots infected with wild‐type Rhizobium and its derived T3E mutant. Via RNA‐seq analysis the WRKY and ERF transcription factor families were identified as the most differentially expressed factors in the T3E mutant compared with the wild‐type. Next, qRT‐PCR was used to confirm the candidate genes Glyma.09g282900, Glyma.08g018300, Glyma.18g238200, Glyma.03g116300, Glyma.07g246600, Glyma.16g172400 induced by S. fredii HH103, S. fredii HH103ΩNopAA, and S. fredii HH103ΩRhcN. Since the WRKY and ERF families may regulate abscisic acid (ABA) content and underlying nodule formation, we performed phytohormone content analysis at 0.5 and 24 h post‐inoculation (hpi). A significant change in ABA content was found between wild Rhizobium and type III effector mutant. Our results support that NopAA can promote the establishment of symbiosis by affecting the ABA signaling pathways by regulating WRKY and ERF which regulate the phytohormone signaling pathway. Specifically, our work provides insights into a signaling interaction of prokaryotic effector‐induced phytohormone response involved in host signaling that regulates the establishment of symbiosis and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in soybean plants.
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